The Effects of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 362-373
Author(s):  
Alex M. Ehlert ◽  
Hannah M. Twiddy ◽  
Patrick B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Genetic Modifiers ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Mouth Rinsing

Caffeine ingestion can improve performance across a variety of exercise modalities but can also elicit negative side effects in some individuals. Thus, there is a growing interest in the use of caffeine mouth rinse solutions to improve sport and exercise performance while minimizing caffeine’s potentially adverse effects. Mouth rinse protocols involve swilling a solution within the oral cavity for a short time (e.g., 5–10 s) before expectorating it to avoid systemic absorption. This is believed to improve performance via activation of taste receptors and stimulation of the central nervous system. Although reviews of the literature indicate that carbohydrate mouth rinsing can improve exercise performance in some situations, there has been no attempt to systematically review the available literature on caffeine mouth rinsing and its effects on exercise performance. To fill this gap, a systematic literature search of three databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) was conducted by two independent reviewers. The search resulted in 11 randomized crossover studies that were appraised and reviewed. Three studies found significant positive effects of caffeine mouth rinsing on exercise performance, whereas the remaining eight found no improvements or only suggestive benefits. The mixed results may be due to heterogeneity in the methods across studies, interindividual differences in bitter tasting, and differences in the concentrations of caffeine solutions. Future studies should evaluate how manipulating the concentration of caffeine solutions, habitual caffeine intake, and genetic modifiers of bitter taste influence the efficacy of caffeine mouth rinsing as an ergogenic strategy.

Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate mouth rinses on repeated sprint performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Martyn Beaven ◽  
Peter Maulder ◽  
Adrian Pooley ◽  
Liam Kilduff ◽  
Christian Cook
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Mouth Rinses

Our purpose was to examine the effectiveness of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinses in enhancing repeated sprint ability. Previously, studies have shown that a carbohydrate mouth rinse (without ingestion) has beneficial effects on endurance performance that are related to changes in brain activity. Caffeine ingestion has also demonstrated positive effects on sprint performance. However, the effects of carbohydrate or caffeine mouth rinses on intermittent sprints have not been examined previously. Twelve males performed 5 × 6-s sprints interspersed with 24 s of active recovery on a cycle ergometer. Twenty-five milliliters of either a noncaloric placebo, a 6% glucose, or a 1.2% caffeine solution was rinsed in the mouth for 5 s prior to each sprint in a double-blinded and balanced cross-over design. Postexercise maximal heart rate and perceived exertion were recorded, along with power measures. A second experiment compared a combined caffeine-carbohydrate rinse with carbohydrate only. Compared with the placebo mouth rinse, carbohydrate substantially increased peak power in sprint 1 (22.1 ± 19.5 W; Cohen's effect size (ES), 0.81), and both caffeine (26.9 ± 26.9 W; ES, 0.71) and carbohydrate (39.1 ± 25.8 W; ES, 1.08) improved mean power in sprint 1. Experiment 2 demonstrated that a combination of caffeine and carbohydrate improved sprint 1 power production compared with carbohydrate alone (36.0 ± 37.3 W; ES, 0.81). We conclude that carbohydrate and (or) caffeine mouth rinses may rapidly enhance power production, which could have benefits for specific short sprint exercise performance. The ability of a mouth-rinse intervention to rapidly improve maximal exercise performance in the absence of fatigue suggests a central mechanism.

The Effects of 3 Different Doses of Caffeine on Jumping and Throwing Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1170-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Sabol ◽  
Jozo Grgic ◽  
Pavle Mikulic
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Ballistic Exercise ◽  
Medicine Ball

Purpose: To examine the acute effects of 3 doses of caffeine on upper- and lower-body ballistic exercise performance and to explore if habitual caffeine intake affects the acute effects of caffeine ingestion on ballistic exercise performance. Methods: Twenty recreationally active male participants completed medicine-ball-throw and vertical-jump tests under 4 experimental conditions (placebo and 2, 4, and 6 mg·kg−1 of caffeine). Results: One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with subsequent post hoc analyses indicated that performance in the medicine-ball-throw test improved, compared with placebo, only with a 6 mg·kg−1 dose of caffeine (P = .032). Effect size, calculated as the mean difference between the 2 measurements divided by the pooled SD, amounted to 0.29 (+3.7%). For the vertical-jump test, all 3 caffeine doses were effective (compared with placebo) for acute increases in performance (P values .022–.044, effect sizes 0.35–0.42, percentage changes +3.7% to +4.1%). A 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that there was no significant group × condition interaction effect, suggesting comparable responses between low (≤100 mg·d−1) and moderate to high (>100 mg·d−1) caffeine users to the experimental conditions. Conclusion: Caffeine doses of 2, 4, and 6 mg·kg−1 seem to be effective for acute enhancements in lower-body ballistic exercise performance in recreationally trained male individuals. For the upper-body ballistic exercise performance, only a caffeine dose of 6 mg·kg−1 seems to be effective. The acute effects of caffeine ingestion do not seem to be affected by habitual caffeine intake; however, this requires further exploration.

scholarly journals Effects of Various Doses of Caffeine Ingestion on Intermittent Exercise Performance and Cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuicui Wang ◽  
Yuechuan Zhu ◽  
Cheng Dong ◽  
Zigui Zhou ◽  
Xinyan Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Mean

To date, no study has examined the effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent exercise performance that imitates certain team-sports, and the suitable concentration of caffeine for improved intermittent exercise performance remains elusive. The purpose of the present cross-over, double-blind preliminary study was to investigate effects of low, moderate, and high doses of caffeine ingestion on intermittent exercise performance and cognition. Ten males performed a familiarization session and four experimental trials. Participants ingested capsules of placebo or caffeine (3, 6, or 9 mg/kg) at 1 h before exercise, rested quietly, and then performed cycling for 2 × 30 min. The cycling protocol consisted of maximal power pedaling for 5 s (mass × 0.075 kp) every minute, separated by unloaded pedaling for 25 s and rest for 30 s. At pre-ingestion of capsules, 1 h post-ingestion, and post-exercise, participants completed the Stroop task. The mean power-output (MPO), peak power-output (PPO), and response time (RT) in the Stroop task were measured. Only 3 mg/kg of caffeine had positive effects on the mean PPO and MPO; 3 mg/kg caffeine decreased RTs significantly in the incongruent and congruent conditions. These results indicate that the ingestion of low-dose caffeine had greater positive effects on the participants’ physical strength during prolonged intermittent exercise and cognition than moderate- or high-dose caffeine.

Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 1372-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magni Mohr ◽  
Jens Jung Nielsen ◽  
Jens Bangsbo
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Potassium Accumulation ◽  
Knee Extension Exercise ◽  
Peak Blood ◽  
Peak Blood Glucose

The effect of oral caffeine ingestion on intense intermittent exercise performance and muscle interstitial ion concentrations was examined. The study consists of two studies (S1 and S2). In S1, 12 subjects completed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) test with prior caffeine (6 mg/kg body wt; CAF) or placebo (PLA) intake. In S2, 6 subjects performed one low-intensity (20 W) and three intense (50 W) 3-min (separated by 5 min) one-legged knee-extension exercise bouts with (CAF) and without (CON) prior caffeine supplementation for determination of muscle interstitial K+ and Na+ with microdialysis. In S1 Yo-Yo IR2 performance was 16% better ( P < 0.05) in CAF compared with PLA. In CAF, plasma K+ at the end of the Yo-Yo IR2 test was 5.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l with no difference between the trials. Plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were higher ( P < 0.05) in CAF than PLA at rest and remained higher ( P < 0.05) during exercise. Peak blood glucose (8.0 ± 0.6 vs. 6.2 ± 0.4 mmol/l) and plasma NH3 (137.2 ± 10.8 vs. 113.4 ± 13.3 μmol/l) were also higher ( P < 0.05) in CAF compared with PLA. In S2 interstitial K+ was 5.5 ± 0.3, 5.7 ± 0.3, 5.8 ± 0.5, and 5.5 ± 0.3 mmol/l at the end of the 20-W and three 50-W periods, respectively, in CAF, which were lower ( P < 0.001) than in CON (7.0 ± 0.6, 7.5 ± 0.7, 7.5 ± 0.4, and 7.0 ± 0.6 mmol/l, respectively). No differences in interstitial Na+ were observed between CAF and CON. In conclusion, caffeine intake enhances fatigue resistance and reduces muscle interstitial K+ during intense intermittent exercise.

scholarly journals International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanci S. Guest ◽  
Trisha A. VanDusseldorp ◽  
Michael T. Nelson ◽  
Jozo Grgic ◽  
Brad J. Schoenfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
International Society ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Sports Nutrition ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
List Type ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Chewing Gums

AbstractFollowing critical evaluation of the available literature to date, The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position regarding caffeine intake is as follows: Supplementation with caffeine has been shown to acutely enhance various aspects of exercise performance in many but not all studies. Small to moderate benefits of caffeine use include, but are not limited to: muscular endurance, movement velocity and muscular strength, sprinting, jumping, and throwing performance, as well as a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic sport-specific actions. Aerobic endurance appears to be the form of exercise with the most consistent moderate-to-large benefits from caffeine use, although the magnitude of its effects differs between individuals. Caffeine has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance when consumed in doses of 3–6 mg/kg body mass. Minimal effective doses of caffeine currently remain unclear but they may be as low as 2 mg/kg body mass. Very high doses of caffeine (e.g. 9 mg/kg) are associated with a high incidence of side-effects and do not seem to be required to elicit an ergogenic effect. The most commonly used timing of caffeine supplementation is 60 min pre-exercise. Optimal timing of caffeine ingestion likely depends on the source of caffeine. For example, as compared to caffeine capsules, caffeine chewing gums may require a shorter waiting time from consumption to the start of the exercise session. Caffeine appears to improve physical performance in both trained and untrained individuals. Inter-individual differences in sport and exercise performance as well as adverse effects on sleep or feelings of anxiety following caffeine ingestion may be attributed to genetic variation associated with caffeine metabolism, and physical and psychological response. Other factors such as habitual caffeine intake also may play a role in between-individual response variation. Caffeine has been shown to be ergogenic for cognitive function, including attention and vigilance, in most individuals. Caffeine may improve cognitive and physical performance in some individuals under conditions of sleep deprivation. The use of caffeine in conjunction with endurance exercise in the heat and at altitude is well supported when dosages range from 3 to 6 mg/kg and 4–6 mg/kg, respectively. Alternative sources of caffeine such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews have been shown to improve performance, primarily in aerobic exercise. Energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine have been demonstrated to enhance both anaerobic and aerobic performance.

Caffeine Supplementation: Ergogenic in Both High and Low Caffeine Responders

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Apostolidis ◽  
Vassilis Mougios ◽  
Ilias Smilios ◽  
Johanna Rodosthenous ◽  
Marios Hadjicharalambous
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acid ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Soccer Game ◽  
Low Responders ◽  
Biological Responses

Purpose: Inconsistent results among studies examining the effects of caffeine on exercise performance are potentially due to interindividual variability in biological responses to caffeine ingestion. The aims, therefore, of the present study were to identify high and low caffeine responders and compare the influence of caffeine on exercise performance and biological responses between groups during a simulated soccer-game protocol on treadmill. Methods: Well-trained soccer players were distinguished as high (n = 11) and low (n = 9) caffeine responders based on resting blood pressure, plasma glycerol, nonesterified fatty acid, and epinephrine responses to caffeine. Participants underwent 2 simulated soccer-game protocols on a treadmill after caffeine (6 mg·kg−1) or placebo ingestion. Exercise performance and several biological responses were evaluated. Results: Exercise performance did not differ between the high and low responders to caffeine (P > .05). However, time to fatigue (high, caffeine: 797 [201] s vs placebo: 487 [258] s; low, caffeine: 625 [357] s vs placebo 447 [198] s) and countermovement jump (high, caffeine: 42.1 [5.5] cm vs placebo: 40.5 [5.7] cm; low, caffeine: 41.0 [3.8] cm vs placebo: 38.8 [4.6] cm) improved with caffeine relative to placebo (P < .001). Rating of perceived exertion was lower (P < .001) in high (13.4 [2.3]) than in low responders (14.3 [2.4]) with caffeine ingestion. Conclusions: Caffeine improved aerobic endurance and neuromuscular performance in well-trained soccer players regardless of their responsiveness to caffeine at rest. Since no changes in substrate utilization were found with caffeine supplementation, performance improvements could be attributed to positive effects on the central nervous system and/or neuromuscular function, although the precise mechanism remains unclear.

Single and Serial Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Do Not Improve Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Performance in Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Rafaela Nehme ◽  
Flávia M.S. de Branco ◽  
Públio F. Vieira ◽  
Ana Vitória C. Guimarães ◽  
Gederson K. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Recovery Test ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Mouth Rinsing

Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing seems to improve performance in exercises lasting 30–60 min. However, its effects on intermittent exercise are unclear. It is also unknown whether serial CHO mouth rinses can promote additional ergogenic effects when compared with a single mouth rinse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of single and serial CHO mouth rinses on Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) performance in soccer players. In a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 12 male (18.9 ± 0.5 years) soccer players performed eight serial mouth rinses under three different conditions: placebo solution only (noncaloric juice), seven placebo mouth rinses plus a single CHO mouth rinse (8% maltodextrin), or eight CHO mouth rinses (8-CHO). Following the final mouth rinse, individuals performed the Yo-Yo IR1 test to evaluate the maximal aerobic endurance performance measured via total distance covered. There were no differences in Yo-Yo IR1 performance between sessions (p = .32; single CHO mouth rinse (8% maltodextrin): 1,198 ± 289 m, eight CHO mouth rinses: 1,256 ± 253 m, placebo: 1,086 ± 284 m). In conclusion, single and serial CHO mouth rinsing did not improve performance during the Yo-Yo IR1 for soccer players. These data suggest that CHO mouth rinsing is not an effective ergogenic strategy for intermittent exercise performance irrespective of the number of rinses.

scholarly journals The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion and Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on High-Intensity Running Performance

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Germaine ◽  
Kieran Collins ◽  
Marcus Shortall
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Placebo Capsule ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Mouth Rinsing

The aim of the current study was to investigate whether carbohydrate mouth rinsing works synergistically with caffeine to augment high-intensity running in a fed state. Eight participants completed a total of three trials; (1) placebo (PLA) trial (placebo capsule + placebo mouth rinse), (2) caffeine (CAF) trial (400 mg caffeine + placebo mouth rinse) and (3) carbohydrate mouth rinse + caffeine (CMR + CAF) trial (400 mg caffeine + 6% carbohydrate mouth rinse). Each trial consisted of a 45 min steady-state run at 65% VO2max, followed by 90% VO2max high-intensity intervals (HIIT) at 1 min and subsequently by a 1 min recovery walking at 6 km·h−1, until exhaustion. Both CAF (46.8 ± 20.1 min) and CMR + CAF (46.9 ± 18.4 min) time to exhaustion were significantly greater than the PLA group (36.2 ± 14.8 min, p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed that there was a significant increase in time to exhaustion between PLA and CMR + CAF (p = 0.006) and PLA and CAF (p = 0.017) but not between CAF and CMR + CAF (p = 0.99). In conclusion, we provide novel data that suggest that caffeine alone would likely suffice as an ergogenic aid during high-intensity running while in a fed state.

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Caffeine Intake on Psychological Responses and High-Intensity Exercise Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 584
Author(s):  
Raúl Domínguez ◽  
Pablo Veiga-Herreros ◽  
Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver ◽  
Juan José Montoya ◽  
Juan José Ramos-Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Wingate Test ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Subjective Vitality ◽  
Positive Effects

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine supplementation on: (i) psychological responses of subjective vitality and mood; (ii) performance through a Wingate test; and (iii) rate of perceived exertion (RPE) reported after a Wingate test. Methods: Fifteen male participants (22.60 ± 2.16 years) ingested 6 mg·kg-1 of caffeine or placebo (sucrose) supplementation in two experimental sessions. After 60 min from supplement intake, participants fulfilled two questionnaires, which measured subjective vitality and mood state, respectively. Subsequently, participants’ performance was assessed through a Wingate test, which was followed by measurements of RPE at general, muscular, or cardiovascular level. Results: Caffeine supplementation increased some components of mood, as assessed by profile of mood states (POMS) (tension and vigor dimensions) and subjective vitality profiles, which were followed by a greater maximum power, average power, and lower time needed to reach maximum power during the Wingate test. Moreover, lower RPE, both at muscular and general levels were reported by participants after the Wingate test. Conclusions: These results suggest that caffeine supplementation exerts positive effects both in psychological and physical domains in trained subjects.

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