The Effect of Training Volume on the Acute Response and Adaptations to Resistance Training

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Brandenburg ◽  
David Docherty
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Threshold Response ◽  
Acute Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Maximal Isometric Force

Purpose:To examine the acute response to 2 resistance-exercise protocols performed to repetition failure, but different in load configuration, and determine whether the acute response was related to strength increases after 8 weeks of training.Methods:Eighteen resistance-trained men completed a single session of 2 resistance-exercise protocols. The constant-load protocol (CL) required subjects to complete 3 sets of single-arm preacher curls (elbow flexion) to failure using a load of ~77% 1RM. The reduced-load protocol (RL) was similar, but training load was reduced for the second and third sets. Maximal isometric force (MVIC) and blood lactate were assessed preprotocol and postprotocol to determine the acute response. For the 8-week training phase, subjects (N = 12) were divided into 2 programs, each corresponsing to 1 of the protocols. Strength was measured before and after training.Results:MVIC decreased from 106.2 ± 13.8 to 84.3 ± 12.1 N · m and from 109.1 ± 14.7 to 82.5 ± 13 N · m after the CL and RL protocols, respectively. The decrements in MVIC were significant (P < .001), with the decline after RL tending to be greater (P = .051). Postprotocol blood lactate concentrations after CL and RL were 3.4 ± 1.1 and 4.1 ± 1.3 mmol/L, respectively, with greater increases after RL (P = .036). Similar and significant 1RM strength increases were observed after both programs (from 20.7 ± 2.7 to 23.3 ± 3.5 kg after CL and from 22.4 ± 2.9 to 25.5 ± 3.2 kg after RL; P < .001).Conclusion:The similar increases in strength suggest that either the greater acute response to RL was not related to the increases in strength or a minimal (threshold) response was achieved during both programs.

Acute Hormonal Responses to Heavy Resistance Exercise in Strength Athletes Versus Nonathletes

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha P. Ahtiainen ◽  
Arto Pakarinen ◽  
William J. Kraemer ◽  
Keijo Hakkinen
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Heavy Resistance Exercise

The aim of the present study was to investigate acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses and recovery in strength athletes versus nonathletes during heavy resistance exercise performed with the forced and maximum repetitions training protocol. Eight male strength athletes (SA) with several years of continuous resistance training experience and 8 physically active but non-strength athletes (NA) volunteered as subjects. The experimental design comprised two loading sessions: maximum repetitions (MR) and forced repetitions (FR). MR included 12-RM squats for 4 sets with a 2-min recovery between sets. In FR the initial load was higher than in MR so that the subject could lift approximately 8 repetitions by himself and 4 additional repetitions with assistance. Before and after the loading protocols, blood samples were drawn to determine serum testosterone, free testosterone, cortisol and growth hormone concentrations, and blood lactate. Maximal voluntary isometric force and EMG activity of the leg extensors was measured before and after the loading as well as 24 and 48 hrs after the loading. The concentrations of the hormones measured increased significantly (p < .01-.001) after both loadings in both groups. The responses tended to be higher in FR than the MR loading and the increases of testosterone concentrations were significantly (p < .01) greater in both loadings in SA than in NA. Both loading protocols in both groups also led to neuromuscular fatigue observable with significant acute decreases in isometric strength by 32-52 % (p < .001) and in maximal iEMG (p < .05-01) associated with large increases in blood lactate. These data suggest that, at least in experienced strength athletes, the forced-repetition protocol is a viable alternative to the more traditional maximum-repetition protocol and may even be a superior approach. Key words: forced repetitions, recovery, EMG, isometric force

Fatigue Measured in Dynamic Versus Isometric Modes After Trail Running Races of Various Distances

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jerome Koral ◽  
Marie Fanget ◽  
Laurianne Imbert ◽  
Thibault Besson ◽  
Djahid Kennouche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Force ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Dynamic Mode ◽  
Plantar Flexors ◽  
Maximal Power ◽  
Theoretical Maximum ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trail Running ◽  
Maximal Isometric Force

Purpose: Fatigue has previously been investigated in trail running by comparing maximal isometric force before and after the race. Isometric contractions may not entirely reflect fatigue-induced changes, and therefore dynamic evaluation is warranted. The aim of the present study was to compare the magnitude of the decrement of maximal isometric force versus maximal power, force, and velocity after trail running races ranging from 40 to 170 km. Methods: Nineteen trail runners completed races shorter than 60 km, and 21 runners completed races longer than 100 km. Isometric maximal voluntary contractions (IMVCs) of knee extensors and plantar flexors and maximal 7-second sprints on a cycle ergometer were performed before and after the event. Results: Maximal power output (Pmax; −14% [11%], P < .001), theoretical maximum force (F0; −11% [14%], P < .001), and theoretical maximum velocity (−3% [8%], P = .037) decreased significantly after both races. All dynamic parameters but theoretical maximum velocity decreased more after races longer than 100 km than races shorter than 60 km (P < .05). Although the changes in IMVCs were significantly correlated (P < .05) with the changes in F0 and Pmax, reductions in IMVCs for knee extensors (−29% [16%], P < .001) and plantar flexors (−26% [13%], P < .001) were larger (P < .001) than the reduction in Pmax and F0. Conclusions: After a trail running race, reductions in isometric versus dynamic forces were correlated, yet they are not interchangeable because the losses in isometric force were 2 to 3 times greater than the reductions in Pmax and F0. This study also shows that the effect of race distance on fatigue measured in isometric mode is true when measured in dynamic mode.

Maximal Voluntary Isometric Elbow Flexion Force during Unilateral versus Bilateral Contractions in Individuals with Chronic Stroke

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin McQuade ◽  
Michelle L. Harris-Love ◽  
Jill Whitall
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Force ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Isometric Force Production ◽  
Flexion Force ◽  
Maximal Isometric Force

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the phenomenon of bilateral deficit in muscular force production observed in healthy subjects and mildly impaired stroke patients also exists in patients with more chronic and greater levels of stroke impairment. Ten patients with chronic hemiparesis resulting from stroke performed unilateral and bilateral maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the elbow flexors. When the total force produced by both arms was compared, 12% less force was produced in the bilateral compared with unilateral condition (p= 0.01). However, studying the effect of task conditions on each arm separately revealed a significant decline in nonparetic (p= 0.01) but not paretic elbow flexor force in the bilateral compared with unilateral condition. Results suggest that a significant bilateral force deficit exists in the nonparetic but not the paretic arm in individuals with chronic stroke. Bilateral task conditions do not seem to benefit or impair paretic arm maximal isometric force production in individuals with moderate-severity chronic stroke.

Coronary perfusion and muscle lengthening increase cardiac contraction: different stretch-triggered mechanisms

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (4) ◽  
pp. H1515-H1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regis R. Lamberts ◽  
Mattie H. P. van Rijen ◽  
Pieter Sipkema ◽  
Paul Fransen ◽  
Stanislas U. Sys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Force ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Myocardial Contraction ◽  
Cardiac Contraction ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Longitudinal Stretch ◽  
Maximal Isometric Force

An increase in coronary perfusion, transversal stretch of the myocardium, increases developed force (Fdev) (Gregg effect) through activation of stretch-activated ion channels (SACs). Lengthening of the muscle, longitudinal stretch of the myocardium, causes an immediate increase in Fdev followed by a slow Fdev increase (Anrep effect). In isometrically contracting perfused papillary muscles of Wistar rats, we investigated whether both effects were based on similar stretch-induced mechanisms by measuring Fdev and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) after a muscle length increase from 85% to 95% L max (length at which maximal isometric force develops) at low and high coronary perfusion before and after inhibition of SACs with gadolinium (10 μmol/l Gd3+). The increase of Fdev and peak [Ca2+]i by the Gregg effect was of similar magnitude as the Anrep effect (from 3.5 ± 0.8 to 3.9 ± 1.2 mN/mm2 and from 3.0 ± 0.7% to 3.8 ± 0.9% normalized [Ca2+]i, means ± SE). SAC blockade completely blunted the increase of Fdev and peak [Ca2+]i by the Gregg effect; however, it did not affect the Anrep effect. The slow force response, but not the calcium response, was augmented by an increase in coronary perfusion. Therefore, increased coronary perfusion, transversal stretch of the myocardium, and muscle lengthening, longitudinal stretch of the myocardium, increase myocardial contraction in the rat through different stretch-triggered mechanisms.

scholarly journals Measurements of Tendon Movement Within the Bicipital Groove After Suprapectoral Intra-articular Biceps Tenodesis in a Cadaveric Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596712097753
Author(s):  
Brian J. Kelly ◽  
Alan W. Reynolds ◽  
Patrick J. Schimoler ◽  
Alexander Kharlamov ◽  
Mark Carl Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Biceps Tenodesis ◽  
Bicipital Groove ◽  
Biceps Tenotomy ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Head ◽  
Scapular Motion

Background: Lesions of the long head of the biceps can be successfully treated with biceps tenotomy or tenodesis when surgical management is elected. The advantage of a tenodesis is that it prevents the potential development of a cosmetic deformity or cramping muscle pain. Proponents of a subpectoral tenodesis believe that “groove pain” may remain a problem after suprapectoral tenodesis as a result of persistent motion of the tendon within the bicipital groove. Purpose/Hypothesis: To evaluate the motion of the biceps tendon within the bicipital groove before and after a suprapectoral intra-articular tenodesis. The hypothesis was that there would be minimal to no motion of the biceps tendon within the bicipital groove after tenodesis. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Six fresh-frozen cadaveric arms were dissected to expose the long head of the biceps tendon as well as the bicipital groove. Inclinometers and fiducials (optical markers) were used to measure the motions of the scapula, forearm, and biceps tendon through a full range of shoulder and elbow motions. A suprapectoral biceps tenodesis was then performed, and the motions were repeated. The motion of the biceps tendon was quantified as a function of scapular or forearm motion in each plane, both before and after the tenodesis. Results: There was minimal motion of the native biceps tendon during elbow flexion and extension but significant motion during all planes of scapular motion before tenodesis, with the most motion occurring during shoulder flexion-extension (20.73 ± 8.21 mm). The motion of the biceps tendon after tenodesis was significantly reduced during every plane of scapular motion compared with the native state ( P < .01 in all planes of motion), with a maximum motion of only 1.57 mm. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant reduction in motion of the biceps tendon in all planes of scapular motion after the intra-articular biceps tenodesis. The motion of the biceps tendon within the bicipital groove was essentially eliminated after the suprapectoral biceps tenodesis. Clinical Relevance: This arthroscopic suprapectoral tenodesis technique can significantly reduce motion of the biceps tendon within the groove in this cadaveric study, possibly reducing the likelihood of groove pain in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals Effect of concentric and eccentric velocity during heavy-load non-ballistic elbow flexion resistance exercise

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Sampson ◽  
Alison Donohoe ◽  
Herbert Groeller
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Heavy Load

l-arginine modulates inflammation and muscle regulatory genes after a single session of resistance exercise in rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. L. Morais ◽  
V. G. B. Brito ◽  
W. G. Mello ◽  
S. H. P. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Single Session
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