Bioimpedance and Impedance Vector Patterns as Predictors of League Level in Male Soccer Players

Purpose:Bioelectrical-impedance standards (resistance, reactance, and phase angle) are well established for the normal population or in the clinical setting and are considered indicators for cell mass, cell function, and hydration status. However, such standards do not exist for the male soccer population. Therefore, the goal of the current investigation was to provide a set of bioelectrical-impedance data of a large sample of soccer players with different performance levels.Methods:A sample of 893 players, registered in all Italian soccer divisions, was divided into 5 groups according to their performance level. Whole-body impedance measurements were performed during the first half of the competitive period. Besides estimation of body composition, bioelectrical-impedance vector analysis (BIVA) was performed. BIVA does not depend on equations and displays differences in hydration and body-cell mass (BCM). Individual vectors can be classified by using the 50%, 75%, and 95% tolerance ellipse.Results:In comparison with the other divisions and the normal population, the mean vector of the elite level showed a shift to the left (P < .001). Compared with the elite level, players of a lower performance level had lower phase angles, BCM, and fat-free mass.Conclusions:In conclusion, soccer players belong to a specific population. Muscle mass and function, as indicated by BCM and phase angle, increase with increasing performance level. The soccer-specific tolerance ellipses might be used for classifying individual vectors and to define target regions for low-level players.

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Bioelectrical impedance phase angle in sport: a systematic review

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s12970-019-0319-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Olivia Di Vincenzo ◽

Maurizio Marra ◽

Luca Scalfi

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Phase Angle ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Systematic Research ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Large Variability ◽

Elite Level

Abstract Background Phase angle (PhA) is a raw BIA variable that has been gaining attention in recent years because it is supposed to be an index of the ratio between extracellular and intracellular water, body cell mass, and cellular integrity. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the variability of PhA between different sports and its relationships with sport performance. Additionally, we investigated whether PhA depends on gender or age, and analyzed the differences between athletes and controls. Methods A systematic research using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science up to June 2019 was performed. Selection criteria included studies on subjects who practice sports in planned and continuous modality at competitive or elite level. Results Thirty-five papers met the inclusion criteria (twenty-one cross-sectional data, fourteen longitudinal data). A few but convincing studies have shown that mean PhA is higher in athletes vs. controls. PhA increases with age and is likely to be higher in male than female athletes. A large variability in PhA is observed for the same sport, while it is still uncertain to what extent PhA differs between various sports. There are no clear relationships of PhA with sport performance or training/untraining. Conclusion It is still to be defined to what extent PhA varies between different sports and changes with training/untraining. It can be argued that for a given sport much more data should be collected in a systematic way and for a period of time appropriate in order to determine changes and trends. This is even more crucial in the case of intervention studies.

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Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis and Phase Angle on Different Oral Zinc Supplementation in Eutrophic Children: Randomized Triple-Blind Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11061215 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1215 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karina M. Vermeulen ◽

Márcia Marília G. D. Lopes ◽

Camila X. Alves ◽

Naira J. N. Brito ◽

Maria das Graças Almeida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Membrane ◽

Phase Angle ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Vector Analysis ◽

Body Cell Mass ◽

Body Cell ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis ◽

Impedance Vector

The parameters derived from bioelectrical impedance, phase angle (PA) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have been associated with cell membrane integrity and body cell mass. Zinc is a micronutrient that exerts important structural functions and acts in maintaining cellular functionality. To evaluate cell integrity and body cell mass, PA and BIVA were evaluated in children orally supplemented with zinc at different concentrations. Anthropometric, bioelectrical (resistance and reactance) and serum zinc variables were collected from two randomized, triple-blind, controlled clinical trials. Sampling was composed of 71 children consisting of three groups: a control group who received a placebo and two experimental groups who received oral supplementation of 5 or 10 mg-Zn/day for three months. The three groups presented increases (p < 0.001) in the linear height and weight. In the group supplemented with 10 mg-Zn/day, there was an increase in reactance values (p = 0.036) and PA (p = 0.002), in addition to vector displacement (p < 0.001) in relation to the confidence ellipses. An increase in serum zinc concentration was found (p < 0.001) in all three groups. Whit this, the supplementation with 10 mg-Zn/day promotes changes in the integrity of the cell membrane associated with the increase in the cellular mass of healthy children.

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Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Body Composition and Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Serie A Soccer Players: A Comparison of Two Consecutive Seasons

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10111175 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1175

Author(s):

Francesco Campa ◽

Tindaro Bongiovanni ◽

Athos Trecroci ◽

Alessio Rossi ◽

Gianpiero Greco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Phase Angle ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Impedance Analysis ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis ◽

Competitive Season ◽

Impedance Vector

The present study compared changes in body composition during the COVID-19-associated lockdown with the same period of the following season in elite soccer players. Fifteen elite male soccer players (30.5 ± 3.6 years.) underwent a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) before (end of February) and after (end of May) the lockdown, which occurred during the 2019/2020 season, and at the same period during the following competitive season in 2020/2021, when restrictions were lifted. Fat and muscle mass were estimated using predictive equations, while phase angle (PhA) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns were directly measured. After lockdown, fat mass remained unchanged (p > 0.05), while muscle mass (95%CI = −1.12/−0.64; ES = −2.04) and PhA (95%CI = 0.51/−0.24, ES = −1.56) decreased. A rightward displacement of the BIVA vector was also found (p < 0.001, ES = 1.50). After the same period during the regular season, FM% and muscle mass did not change (p > 0.05), while the PhA increased (95%CI = 0.01/0.22; ES = 0.63). A leftward vector displacement (p < 0.001, ES = 1.05) was also observed. The changes in muscle mass correlated with changes in PhA (“lockdown” season 2019/2020: ß = −1.128, p = 0.011; “regular” season 2020/21: ß = 1.963, p = 0.011). In conclusion, coaches and strength conditioners should monitor muscle mass in soccer players during detraining periods as this parameter appears to be mainly affected by changes in training plans.

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Association between Change in Regional Phase Angle and Jump Performance: A Pilot Study in Serie A Soccer Players

European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education ◽

10.3390/ejihpe11030063 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 860-865

Author(s):

Tindaro Bongiovanni ◽

Athos Trecroci ◽

Alessio Rossi ◽

Fedon Marcello Iaia ◽

Giulio Pasta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Body Mass ◽

Phase Angle ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Whole Body ◽

Jump Performance ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer

Purpose: This observational longitudinal investigation aimed to investigate whether change in bioelectrical regional phase angle (PhA) is a predictor of change in vertical jump performance in elite soccer players. Methods: Fifteen soccer players (age: 28.7 ± 5.0 years, body weight: 82.4 ± 6.8 kg, height: 186.0 ± 0.1 cm, body mass index: 23.8 ± 1.2 kg/m2) competing in the first Italian division (Serie A) were included in this study and tested before the pre-season period and after the first half of the championship. Whole body and lower hemisoma PhA were obtained with a phase-sensitive 50 kHz bioelectrical impedance analyzer and legs lean soft tissue was estimated using specific bioimpedance-based equation developed for athletes. Vertical jump performance was assessed using the countermovement jump (CMJ). Results: The major findings of the study are that changes in lower hemisoma PhA are more strongly related with changes in jump performance (r2 = 0.617, p = 0.001) than changes in whole-body PhA (r2 = 0.270, p = 0.047), even after adjusting for legs lean soft tissue and for body mass index (β = 5.17, p = 0.004). Conclusions: These data suggest that changes in lower hemisoma PhA might be used as a tool for evaluating performance related parameters in sports where specific body segments are involved, in preference to the whole-body measured value.

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Reference distribution of the bioelectrical impedance vector in healthy term newborns

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711451000245x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 104 (10) ◽

pp. 1508-1513 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ana V. B. Margutti ◽

Jacqueline P. Monteiro ◽

José S. Camelo

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vector Analysis ◽

Whole Body ◽

General Distribution ◽

Reference Distribution ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Term Newborns ◽

Impedance Vector

Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) is a new method that is used for the routine monitoring of the variation in body fluids and nutritional status with assumptions regarding body composition values. The aim of the present study was to determine bivariate tolerance intervals of the whole-body impedance vector and to describe phase angle (PA) values for healthy term newborns aged 7–28 d. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on healthy term neonates born at a low-risk public maternity. General and anthropometric neonatal data and bioelectrical impedance data (800 μA–50 kHz) were obtained. Bivariate vector analysis was conducted with the resistance–reactance (RXc) graph method. The BIVA software was used to construct the graphs. The study was conducted on 109 neonates (52·3 % females) who were born at term, adequate for gestational age, exclusively breast-fed and aged 13 (sd 3·6) d. We constructed one standard, reference, RXc-score graph and RXc-tolerance ellipses (50, 75 and 95 %) that can be used with any analyser. Mean PA was 3·14 (sd 0·43)° (3·12 (sd 0·39)° for males and 3·17 (sd 0·48)° for females). Considering the overlapping of ellipses of males and females with the general distribution, a graph for newborns aged 7–28 d with the same reference tolerance ellipse was defined for boys and girls. The results differ from those reported in the literature probably, in part, due to the ethnic differences in body composition. BIVA and PA permit an assessment without the need to know body weight and the prediction error of conventional impedance formulas.

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Effects of Resistance Training with Different Pyramid Systems on Bioimpedance Vector Patterns, Body Composition, and Cellular Health in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12166658 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (16) ◽

pp. 6658 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Leandro dos Santos ◽

Alex S. Ribeiro ◽

Luís A. Gobbo ◽

João Pedro Nunes ◽

Paolo M. Cunha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Older Women ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Whole Body ◽

Bioimpedance Spectroscopy ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Health Related ◽

Impedance Vector ◽

Effects Of Aging

Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) and phase angle (PhA) have been widely used to monitor changes in health-related parameters in older adults, while resistance training (RT) is one of the potential strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of aging. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the crescent pyramid RT system with two repetition zones on BIVA patterns and PhA. Fifty-five older women (≥60 years) were randomly assigned into three groups: control (CON, n = 18), narrow pyramid (NPR, n = 19), and wide pyramid (WPR, n = 18). The RT was performed for eight weeks, three times per week, in eight exercises for the whole body with three sets of 12/10/8 (NPR) or 15/10/5 repetitions (WPR). Bioimpedance spectroscopy (50 kHz frequency) was assessed. After the intervention period, both training groups showed significant changes in BIVA patterns compared to CON (p < 0.001); resistance decreased and reactance increased, which resulted in a BIVA-vector displacement over time (p < 0.001). Changes in PhA were greater for WPR (∆% = 10.6; effect size [ES] = 0.64) compared to NPR (∆% = 5.3; ES = 0.41) and CON (∆% = −6.4; ES = −0.40). The results suggest that the crescent pyramid RT system with both repetition zones (WPR and NPR) is effective for inducing improvements in BIVA patterns and PhA in older women, although WPR elicits greater increases in PhA than NPR.

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