Player Activity Profiles in the Australian Second-Tier Rugby League Competitions

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-823
Author(s):  
Joanne Hausler ◽  
Mark Halaki ◽  
Rhonda Orr
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
New South ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Match Play ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Sprinting Speed ◽  
Very High

Purpose:To investigate activity profiles of Australian rugby league players during match play by competition, position, and match outcome in the New South Wales (NSW) second-tier competitions.Methods:Eighteen NSW Cup (NSWC) and 22 National Youth Competition (NYC) players, participating in this prospective cohort study, were categorized into 3 positional groups: forwards, adjustables, and outside backs. Global positioning system devices were used to examine activity profiles (distance and relative distance covered in walking, jogging, moderate, high, very high, and sprinting speed zones and quantification of high-speed movement) during match play in 21 NSWC and 22 NYC matches (N = 339 files).Results:NSWC players performed more sprints (36.5 ± 9.3 vs 28.4 ± 9.2) and greater relative distance in moderate speed zones (18.4 ± 3.2 vs 15.8 ± 3.1 m/min) than NYC. NSWC outside backs covered greater relative distance in jogging (29.4 ± 2.9 vs 24.8 ± 2.7 m/min) and moderate speed zones (17.0 ± 2.6 vs 12.8 ± 2.8 m/min) than their NYC counterparts. Adjustables performed more sprints (39.4 ± 10.1 vs 27.0 ± 9.2), high-intensity accelerations (3.7 ± 1.4 vs 1.9 ± 1.4), and relative distance (84.8 ± 4.3 vs 88.6 ± 4.8 m/min) than forwards and greater relative distance (81.5 ± 3.8 m/min) and sprints (31.0 ± 8.0) than outside backs. Adjustables recorded greater relative distance (19.8 m/min) in moderate speed zones than forwards (16.7 ± 3.1 m/min) and outside backs (14.9 ± 2.7 m/min). Adjustables covered ~685 m more than outside backs during a win.Conclusions:This is the first study to document the activity profiles of the NSW second-tier rugby league competition. The findings underscore the elevated match demands of adjustables and indicate higher intensity of play in NSWC than NYC that may more closely resemble the demands of National Rugby League match play.

scholarly journals Movement and Physiological Demands of Australasian National Rugby League Referees

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1080-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Brightmore ◽  
John O’Hara ◽  
Kevin Till ◽  
Steve Cobley ◽  
Tate Hubka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Physiological Variable ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Physiological Demands

Purpose:To evaluate the movement and physiological demands of Australasian National Rugby League (NRL) referees, officiating with a 2-referee (ie, lead and pocket) system, and to compare the demands of the lead and pocket referees. Methods:Global positioning system devices (10 Hz) were used to obtain 86 data sets (lead, n = 41; pocket, n = 45) on 19 NRL referees. Total distance, relative distance covered, and heart rate per half and across match play were examined within and between referees using t tests. Distance, time, and number of movement “efforts” were examined in 6 velocity classifications (ie, standing <0.5, walking 0.51–2.0, jogging 2.01–4.0, running 4.01–5.5, high-speed running 5.51–7.0, and sprinting >7.0 m/s) using analysis of variance. Cohen d effect sizes are reported. Results:There were no significant differences between the lead and pocket referees for any movement or physiological variable. There was an overall significant (large, very large) effect for distance (% distance) and time (% time) (P < .001) between velocity classifications for both the lead and pocket referees. Both roles covered the largest distance and number of efforts at velocities of 0.51–2.0 m/s and 2.01–4.0 m/s, which were interspersed with efforts >5.51 m/s. Conclusions:Findings highlight the intermittent nature of rugby league refereeing but show that there were no differences in the movement and physiological demands of the 2 refereeing roles. Findings are valuable for those responsible for the preparation, training, and conditioning of NRL referees and to ensure that training prepares for and simulates match demands.

scholarly journals Movement Demands of Elite Rugby League Players during Australian National Rugby League and European Super League Matches

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Twist ◽  
Jamie Highton ◽  
Mark Waldron ◽  
Emma Edwards ◽  
Damien Austin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Super League

Purpose:This study compared the movement demands of players competing in matches from the elite Australian and European rugby league competitions.Methods:Global positioning system devices were used to measure 192 performances of forwards, adjustables, and outside backs during National Rugby League (NRL; n = 88) and European Super League (SL; n = 104) matches. Total and relative distances covered overall and at low (0–3.5 m/s), moderate (3.6–5 m/s), and high (>5 m/s) speeds were measured alongside changes in movement variables across the early, middle, and late phases of the season.Results:The relative distance covered in SL matches (95.8 ± 18.6 m/min) was significantly greater (P < .05) than in NRL matches (90.2 ± 8.3 m/min). Relative low-speed activity (70.3 ± 4.9 m/min vs 75.5 ± 18.9 m/min) and moderate-speed running (12.5 ± 3.3 m m/min vs 14.2 ± 3.8 m/min) were highest (P < .05) in the SL matches, and relative high-speed distance was greater (P < .05) during NRL matches (7.8 ± 2.1 m/min vs 6.1 ± 1.7 m/min).Conclusions:NRL players have better maintenance of high-speed running between the first and second halves of matches and perform less low- and moderate-speed activity, indicating that the NRL provides a higher standard of rugby league competition than the SL.

Metabolic Power Demands of Rugby League Match Play

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Kempton ◽  
Anita Claire Sirotic ◽  
Ermanno Rampinini ◽  
Aaron James Coutts
Keyword(s):  
High Power ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
High Power Distance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gps Devices

Purpose:To describe the metabolic demands of rugby league match play for positional groups and compare match distances obtained from high-speed-running classifications with those derived from high metabolic power.Methods:Global positioning system (GPS) data were collected from 25 players from a team competing in the National Rugby League competition over 39 matches. Players were classified into positional groups (adjustables, outside backs, hit-up forwards, and wide-running forwards). The GPS devices provided instantaneous raw velocity data at 5 Hz, which were exported to a customized spreadsheet. The spreadsheet provided calculations for speed-based distances (eg, total distance; high-speed running, >14.4 km/h; and very-highspeed running, >18.1 km/h) and metabolic-power variables (eg, energy expenditure; average metabolic power; and high-power distance, >20 W/kg).Results:The data show that speed-based distances and metabolic power varied between positional groups, although this was largely related to differences in time spent on field. The distance covered at high running speed was lower than that obtained from high-power thresholds for all positional groups; however, the difference between the 2 methods was greatest for hit-up forwards and adjustables.Conclusions:Positional differences existed for all metabolic parameters, although these are at least partially related to time spent on the field. Higher-speed running may underestimate the demands of match play when compared with high-power distance—although the degree of difference between the measures varied by position. The analysis of metabolic power may complement traditional speed-based classifications and improve our understanding of the demands of rugby league match play.

scholarly journals Monitoring post-match fatigue during a competitive season in elite youth soccer players

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Evans ◽  
Daniel T. Jackson ◽  
Adam L. Kelly ◽  
Craig A. Williams ◽  
Alexander B. T. McAuley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Perceived Wellness ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Physical Output ◽  
Very High ◽  
Physical Match

Abstract Introduction: Countermovement jump (CMJ) and perceived wellness measures are useful for monitoring fatigue. Fatigue indicators should simultaneously show sensitivity to previous load and demonstrate influence on subsequent physical output; however, this has not been examined. This study examined the efficacy of CMJ and wellness measures to both detect post-match fatigue and predict subsequent physical match output in elite youth soccer. Methods: Sixteen soccer players (18 ± 1 years) participated in 36 English Football League Youth Alliance League fixtures. Physical match outputs (total distance, high-speed running, very high-speed running, and accelerations and decelerations) were recorded using a 10 Hz global positioning system and 200 Hz accelerometer device during competitive match play. CMJ height and perceived wellness were assessed weekly and daily, respectively, as indirect indicators of fatigue. Four sub-units of wellness (perceived soreness, energy, general stress, and sleep) were measured using customised psychometric questionnaires. Results: Simple linear regression showed that match accelerations and decelerations (AD) were predictive of energy (R2 = 0.08, P = 0.001), stress (R2 = 0.09, P &lt; 0.001), and total wellness (R2 = 0.06, P = 0.002) 2 days post-match. CMJ (R2 = 0.05, P = 0.002), stress (R2 = 0.08, P &lt; 0.001), sleep (R2 = 0.03, P = 0.034), and total wellness (R2 = 0.05, P = 0.006) 5 days pre-match (MD-5) were predictive of AD during the subsequent match. Conclusion: CMJ and wellness may be useful in detecting post-match fatigue. Wellness scores, but not CMJ, on MD-5 influence subsequent match output and therefore may be used to plan and periodise training for the upcoming microcycle.

scholarly journals Establishing Running Intensities of Elite Field Hockey Players During Competitive Match-Play

IUSCA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arian Forouhandeh
Keyword(s):  
Average Method ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Field Hockey ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Appropriate Prescription

Field hockey requires players to perform at varying intensities throughout a competitive match, involving high-speed running combined with tactical skills in order to outscore the opposition. A greater understanding of specific running demands imposed by competitive match-play may aid coaches in appropriate prescription of training and adequate recovery programmes. Purpose: to determine peak duration- and position-specific running intensities during field hockey competition, using a rolling average method. Methods: twenty one elite male field hockey players were analysed through 15Hz Global Positioning System (GPS) technology across a 16 match competitive season. Peak values for relative distance (m·min-1) and high-speed distance (m·min-1) were calculated, placed in a velocity-time curve and analysed using a rolling average method across ten different durations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 min) for each playing position. Results: Forwards and midfielders covered significantly (p < 0.05) more relative distance than defenders for averages 1 to 6, with the forwards covering the greatest maximum relative distance and high-speed relative distance. There was a substantial decrease in relative distance and high-speed distance as the length of the rolling average increased, presenting small to moderate differences between durations 4 to 10 min, with the magnitude of differences between lengths decreasing as the rolling average length increased. Conclusion: These findings suggest that match-play running demands are significantly more intense than previously reported for all positions. As forwards exhibited a greater running intensity throughout, position specific training drills should replicate the most demanding phases of field hockey competition.

Major cyanobacterial bloom in the Barwon-Darling River, Australia, in 1991, and underlying limnological conditions

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
LC Bowling ◽  
PD Baker
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Cyanobacterial Bloom ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
South Wales ◽  
High Ammonia ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Very High

The occurrence of a severe cyanobacterial bloom is described. This bloom affected almost 1000 km of the Barwon-Darling River, New South Wales, Australia, in November and December 1991 and was dominated by Anabaena circinalis Rabenhorst. This cyanobacterium was present in concentrations of around half a million cells per millilitre at some localities during its peak in mid November. Moderate to very high toxicity was demonstrated by mouse bioassay at many localities during this time. The bloom was attributed to very low flow conditions and high nutrient concentrations, especially of total phosphorus. However, warm water temperatures, elevated pH, reduced turbidity, and improved water transparency would also have been contributing factors. Very high ammonia concentrations were also observed during the bloom. The bloom declined during December and was eventually flushed from the river by increased flows following heavy catchment rainfall between mid December and early January.

Seat Belts-Some Aspects of Compulsory Wearing in New South Wales, Australia

1977 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Tentative Evidence ◽  
The Law ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Very High

The effects of compulsory seat belt wearing have been evaluated for the most populous Australian State — New South Wales. Wearing rates are now very high and although surveys have shown increasing acceptance of the safety value of belts, a sizable minority of motorists apparently only wear their belts because of the law. Compulsory belt wearing appears to have saved a substantial number of vehicle occupant lives, with the main saving being among young adults. Urban deaths appear to have been affected more than rural deaths. There is tentative evidence of reductions in serious injuries among occupants. A side effect of the law has been increased usage of restraining systems for young children.

The running performance and estimated energy cost of hurling specific small-sided games

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Malone ◽  
Kieran D Collins ◽  
Dominic A Doran
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Pitch Dimension ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Equivalent Distance ◽  
Very High

The current study examined the extent to which pitch dimensions can influence the physical and estimated energetic demands of hurling small-sided games. Training data ( n = 990) were collected from 24 (age 25.5 ± 3.2 years; height 178.9 ± 3.2 cm; body mass 78.5 ± 4.5 kg) hurling players using 4-Hz global positioning system technology (VX Sport, Lower Hutt, New Zealand). Total distance (m), high-speed running distance (m; ≥ 17 km/h), very high-speed running distance (m; ≥ 22 km/h), total accelerations ( n), acceleration distance (m), peak and mean velocity (km/h) were considered. In addition changes in velocity were analysed by assessing the acceleration actions during SSG. This allowed for the assessment of estimated energy expenditure (kJ/kg) and the equivalent distance covered a different metabolic power thresholds. The main findings show that traditional speed-based data increased as pitch dimensions were increased ( p = 0.002; d = 4.53 ± 0.46; very large). Furthermore, as relative player area increased there was an increase in estimated energy expenditure ( p = 0.004; d = 2. 16 ± 0.20; very large) and average metabolic power metrics ( p = 0.002; d = 1.13 ± 0.46; moderate). Distances covered at metabolic power categories (TP) increased with small-sided games pitch dimension ( p = 0.002; d = 0.3 ± 0.06; small). The study enables coaches to better understand the physical demands imposed on players during specific hurling small-sided games pitch dimensions, and highlights that traditional speed-based data underestimate the running demands of small-sided games.

Hornblendes from some basic hornfelses in the New England region, New South Wales

1965 ◽  
Vol 34 (268) ◽  
pp. 52-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Binns
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Contact Metamorphism ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Bluish Green ◽  
Very High

SummaryWith progressive increase in grade of contact metamorphism, aluminous hornblendes in some New England basic hornfelses change from a pale blue-green variety with ragged actinolitic habit, to a deeper bluish-green variety, then to a deeply coloured brownish type with granular habit. At all stages the coexisting plagioclase is appreciably calcic. No outer aureole of albite-epidote-actinolite hornfels has been recognized. The higher grade hornblendes are richer in alkalis and titanium, and poorer in octahedrally co-ordinated aluminium than those formed at low grades. Two analysed hornblendes display an unusual excess of calcium, which occupies the Y site, and another has a very high content of ferrous iron and potassium.

scholarly journals Officiating Role Influences the Physical Match Activity Profiles of Rugby League Touch Judges and Referees

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leesa Pearce ◽  
Carl Woods ◽  
Wade Sinclair ◽  
Anthony Leicht
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Univariate Analyses

Abstract This study investigated the effect of the officiating role on physical activity profiles of rugby league match officials during match-play. Physical performance indicators were collated from 23 match officials, resulting in 78 observations. Match officials were categorised into two groups: referees and touch judges. Microtechnology facilitated the quantification of total distance (m), relative distance (m⋅min-1), maximum velocity (m⋅s-1), the percentage of high intensity running distance (% total > 3.01 m⋅s-1), walking distance (<1 m⋅s-1), jogging distance (1.01 – 3 m⋅s-1), fast jogging distance (3.01 - 5 m⋅s-1), and sprinting distance (>5 m⋅s-1). Multivariate analysis modelled the main effect of the officiating role with follow up univariate analyses identifying significant differences. A significant effect was noted (V = 750; F(8, 66) = 24.71; p < 0.05) with referees covering a greater total distance (7767 ± 585 vs. 7022 ± 759 m), relative distance (90 ± 6 vs. 82 ± 8 m⋅min-1), jogging distance (3772 ± 752 vs. 3110 ± 553 m), and fast jogging distance (2565 ± 631 vs. 1816 ± 440 m) compared to touch judges. Touch judges covered greater distances while sprinting (1012 ± 385 vs. 654 ± 241 m). Results provide important guidance in the development of training programs for match officials.

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