Individualizing Training in Swimming: Evidence for Utilizing the Critical Speed and Critical Stroke Rate Concepts

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-624
Author(s):  
Eva Piatrikova ◽  
Nicholas J. Willsmer ◽  
Ana C. Sousa ◽  
Javier T. Gonzalez ◽  
Sean Williams
Keyword(s):  
Critical Speed ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Peak Speed

Purpose: To monitor physiological, technical, and performance responses to individualized high-intensity interval training (HIIT) prescribed using the critical speed (CS) and critical stroke rate (CSR) concepts in swimmers completing a reduced training volume program (≤30 km·wk−1) for 15 weeks. Methods: Over the 15-week period, 12 highly trained swimmers (age 16 [1] y, height 179 [8] cm, weight 66 [8] kg) completed four 3-minute all-out tests to determine CS and the finite capacity to work above CS (D′), and four 200-m tests at CS to establish a CSR estimate. Combining CS and D′, 2 HIIT sessions designed as 5 × 3-minute intervals depleting 60% of D′ and 3 × 3.5-minute intervals depleting 80% of D′ were prescribed once per week, respectively. An additional HIIT session was prescribed using CS and CSR as 10 × 150 m or 200 m at CS with 2 cycles per minute lower stroke rate than the CSR estimate. Additional monitored variables included peak speed, average speed for 150 seconds (speed150s) and 180 seconds (speed180s), competition performance and stroke length (SL), stroke count (SC), and stroke index (SI) adopted at CS. Results: At the end of the intervention, swimmers demonstrated faster CS (mean change ± 90% confidence limits: +5.4 ± 1.6%), speed150s (+2.5 ± 0.9%), speed180s (+3.0 ± 0.9%), and higher stroke rate (+6.4 ± 3.0%) and stroke index (+4.2 ± 3.6%). D′ was reduced (−25.2 ± 7.5%), whereas peak speed, SL, and SC changed only trivially. The change in the swimmers’ personal best times in the first and second main event was −1.2 ± 1.3% and −1.6 ± 0.9%, respectively. Conclusion: HIIT prescribed based on the CS and CSR concepts was associated with improvements in several physiological, technical, and performance parameters in highly trained swimmers while utilizing time- and resource-efficient approach. This was achieved despite a ≥25% reduction in training volume.

scholarly journals Supplements and Nutritional Interventions to Augment High-Intensity Interval Training Physiological and Performance Adaptations—A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Forbes ◽  
Darren G. Candow ◽  
Abbie E. Smith-Ryan ◽  
Katie R. Hirsch ◽  
Michael D. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Beta Alanine ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves short bursts of intense activity interspersed by periods of low-intensity exercise or rest. HIIT is a viable alternative to traditional continuous moderate-intensity endurance training to enhance maximal oxygen uptake and endurance performance. Combining nutritional strategies with HIIT may result in more favorable outcomes. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight key dietary interventions that may augment adaptations to HIIT, including creatine monohydrate, caffeine, nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, protein, and essential amino acids, as well as manipulating carbohydrate availability. Nutrient timing and potential sex differences are also discussed. Overall, sodium bicarbonate and nitrates show promise for enhancing HIIT adaptations and performance. Beta-alanine has the potential to increase training volume and intensity and improve HIIT adaptations. Caffeine and creatine have potential benefits, however, longer-term studies are lacking. Presently, there is a lack of evidence supporting high protein diets to augment HIIT. Low carbohydrate training enhances the upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes, however, there does not seem to be a performance advantage, and a periodized approach may be warranted. Lastly, potential sex differences suggest the need for future research to examine sex-specific nutritional strategies in response to HIIT.

scholarly journals Intra-individual physiological response of recreational runners to different training mesocycles: a randomized cross-over study

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (12) ◽  
pp. 2705-2713
Author(s):  
Peter Düking ◽  
Hans-Christer Holmberg ◽  
Philipp Kunz ◽  
Robert Leppich ◽  
Billy Sperlich
Keyword(s):  
Interval Training ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Uptake Velocity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Purpose Pronounced differences in individual physiological adaptation may occur following various training mesocycles in runners. Here we aimed to assess the individual changes in performance and physiological adaptation of recreational runners performing mesocycles with different intensity, duration and frequency. Methods Employing a randomized cross-over design, the intra-individual physiological responses [i.e., peak ($${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm peak}}$$ V ˙ O 2 peak ) and submaximal ($${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm submax}}$$ V ˙ O 2 submax ) oxygen uptake, velocity at lactate thresholds (V2, V4)] and performance (time-to-exhaustion (TTE)) of 13 recreational runners who performed three 3-week sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), high-volume low-intensity training (HVLIT) or more but shorter sessions of HVLIT (high-frequency training; HFT) were assessed. Results $${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm submax}}$$ V ˙ O 2 submax , V2, V4 and TTE were not altered by HIIT, HVLIT or HFT (p > 0.05). $${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm peak}}$$ V ˙ O 2 peak improved to the same extent following HVLIT (p = 0.045) and HFT (p = 0.02). The number of moderately negative responders was higher following HIIT (15.4%); and HFT (15.4%) than HVLIT (7.6%). The number of very positive responders was higher following HVLIT (38.5%) than HFT (23%) or HIIT (7.7%). 46% of the runners responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23% did not respond to any. Conclusion On a group level, none of the interventions altered $${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm submax}}$$ V ˙ O 2 submax , V2, V4 or TTE, while HVLIT and HFT improved $${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm peak}}$$ V ˙ O 2 peak . The mean adaptation index indicated similar numbers of positive, negative and non-responders to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT, but more very positive responders to HVLIT than HFT or HIIT. 46% responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23% did not respond to any. These findings indicate that the magnitude of responses to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT is highly individual and no pattern was apparent.

Efeitos de Protocolos de Treinamento Intervalado e Contínuo na Reabilitação de Indivíduos Cardiopatas

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Adriano Sakaida Del Giudice ◽  
Israel Gustavo Guedes Sene ◽  
José Geraldo Rodrigues de Moraes Junior ◽  
Anderson Martelli ◽  
Lucas Delbim
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Functional Reserve ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Acute Results

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os resultados agudos e crônicos dos métodos e protocolos de exercício contínuo moderado - ECM e intermitente de alta intensidade -HIIT como investidas reabilitativas para indivíduos com intercorrências cardiovasculares, principalmente, em indivíduos com alto risco de infarto do miocárdio - IAM e compará-los em função de sua eficácia e segurança. Os estudos analisados proporcionaram resultados agudos semelhantes entre os protocolos HIIT e ECM, principalmente, quando comparados ao principal objetivo, neste caso, preservar a integridade física dos indivíduos praticantes e incrementar sua reserva funcional. Quanto às respostas crônicas, os protocolos de treinamento HIIT apresentaram resultados adaptativos positivos nas funções fisiológicas e morfológicas se mostrando como uma alternativa de grande efetividade para a reabilitação cardíaca, em função de seu baixo volume total de treinamento, podendo ser de grande ajuda se incluído como alternativa de trabalho para reabilitação de patologias e intercorrências cardiovasculares.Palavras-chaves: Reabilitação Cardíaca. Treinamento Intervalado. Cardiopatas.AbstractThe objective of the present study was to investigate the acute and chronic outcomes of the methods and protocols of continuous training (CT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) as rehabilitative interventions for individuals with cardiovascular events, especially in individuals at high risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to compare them for their efficacy and safety. The analyzed studies provided similar acute results between the HIIT and ECM protocols, mainly when compared to the main objective, in this case, to preserve the physical integrity of the practicing individuals and to increase their functional reserve. Regarding the chronic responses, the HIIT training protocols presented positive adaptive results in the physiological and morphological functions, showing itself as a highly effective alternative for cardiac rehabilitation due to its low total training volume, and could be of great help if included as a work alternative for the rehabilitation of pathologies and cardiovascular intercurrences.Keywords: Cardiac Rehabilitation. Interval Training. Cardiovascular Diseases.

Physiological and performance responses to high-intensity interval training in female inline speed skaters

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (196) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Fereshtian ◽  
Mohsen Sheykhlouvand ◽  
Scott Forbes ◽  
Hamid Agha-Alinejad ◽  
Mohammadali Gharaat
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Intensity Interval

scholarly journals The Investigation of the Physical and Performance Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HITT) on Sedentary University Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Ali Erdem Cigerci ◽  
Harun Genc
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bonferroni Test ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Intensity Interval

The aim of this study was to examine the physical and selected performance characteristics of 9-week High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on sedentary university students. Participants were separated two groups as HIIT and control group (CG). HIIT group applied training 3 times a week for 9 weeks. CG was not applied any training. Before and after HIIT training program, the subjects were applied to age, height, body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI) tests for physical parameters and standing long jump (SLJ), vertical jump (VJ), 10-20 m sprint, T agility test (TAT), star excursion balance test (SEBT), running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) for performance parameters. Multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze of inter-group, intra group and the effect of training in repeated measurements. Bonferroni test was used for Post Hoc comparisons; the significance level was accepted as 0.05. There was a significant difference in BW, BMI and all performance parameters in favor of HIIT group. HIIT provided effective development to physical and performance characteristics of university students.

scholarly journals Physiological and Performance Impacts After Field Supramaximal High-Intensity Interval Training With Different Work-Recovery Duration

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Henrique Albuquerque Brandão ◽  
Thaysa Passos Nery Chagas ◽  
Alan Bruno Silva Vasconcelos ◽  
Vivian Conceição de Oliveira ◽  
Leonardo de Sousa Fortes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Recovery Duration ◽  
Work Recovery ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Applying the Critical Speed Concept to Racing Strategy and Interval Training Prescription

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 842-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Pettitt
Keyword(s):  
Critical Speed ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Finite Capacity ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Limits ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Dose Responses ◽  
High Degree

The use of personal records (PRs) for running different distances may be used to derive critical speed (CS) and the finite capacity for running speeds exceeding CS (D′). Using CS and D′, individualized speed-time and distance-time relationships can be modeled (ie, time limits associated with running at a given speed or a given distance can be derived via linear regression with a high degree of accuracy). The running 3-min all-out exercise test (3 MT) has emerged as a method for estimating CS and D′ on a large group of athletes in a single visit. Such a procedure is useful when PRs are not readily available (eg, team-sport athletes). This article reviews how to administer and interpret the running 3 MT, how CS and D′ can inform racing strategy, and how CS and D′ can be used to prescribe and evaluate high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Directions for deriving HIIT bouts using either fixed distances or fixed speeds are provided along with CS dose-responses to short-term HIIT programs.

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