Relationships Between External- and Internal-Workload Variables in an Elite Female Netball Team and Between Playing Positions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 841-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marni J. Simpson ◽  
David G. Jenkins ◽  
Aaron T. Scanlan ◽  
Vincent G. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Forward Direction ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Medium Intensity ◽  
Movement Unit

Purpose: To examine relationships between external- and internal-workload variables in an elite female netball team, with consideration of positional differences. Methods: Nine elite female netball athletes had their weekly workloads monitored across their preseason and competition phases of a season. Internal workload was determined using summated heart-rate (HR) zones and session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE), whereas external workload was determined using inertial movement units and included absolute PlayerLoad (PL), relative PL (PL per minute), accelerations (ACCEL), decelerations (DECEL), jumps, changes of direction (COD), high-intensity events, medium-intensity events, low-intensity events, PL in the forward direction, PL in the sideways direction, and PL in the vertical direction. Relationships between external- and internal-workload variables in the team and relative to playing position were examined. Results: Across the team, the strongest external workloads that correlated with summated HR zones were PL (r = .65), COD (r = .64), ACCEL (r = .61), and DECEL (r = .61). The strongest external workloads that correlated with sRPE were COD (r = .79), followed by jumps (r = .76), ACCEL (r = .75), and DECEL (r = .75). For all positions, except-goal shooter, the strongest correlation was between PL and sRPE (r = .88–.94). In the goal-shooter position, the strongest correlation was between summated HR zones and DECEL (r = .89). Conclusions: The inertial movement unit-derived external-workload variables are strongly related to common internal-workload variables. In particular, COD and sRPE appear to provide a good monitoring combination of external and internal training loads for elite netball players.

The Relationships Between External and Internal Workloads During Basketball Training and Games

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1081-1086
Author(s):  
Jordan L. Fox ◽  
Cody J. O’Grady ◽  
Aaron T. Scanlan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Large Games ◽  
Workload Management ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Medium Intensity ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose: To investigate the relationships between external and internal workloads using a comprehensive selection of variables during basketball training and games. Methods: Eight semiprofessional, male basketball players were monitored during training and games for an entire season. External workload was determined as PlayerLoad™: total and high-intensity accelerations, decelerations, changes of direction, and jumps and total low-intensity, medium-intensity, high-intensity, and overall inertial movement analysis events. Internal workload was determined using the summated-heart-rate zones and session rating of perceived exertion models. The relationships between external and internal workload variables were separately calculated for training and games using repeated-measures correlations with 95% confidence intervals. Results: PlayerLoad was more strongly related to summated-heart-rate zones (r = .88 ± .03, very large [training]; r = .69 ± .09, large [games]) and session rating of perceived exertion (r = .74 ± .06, very large [training]; r = .53 ± .12, large [games]) than other external workload variables (P < .05). Correlations between total and high-intensity accelerations, decelerations, changes of direction, and jumps and total low-intensity, medium-intensity, high-intensity, and overall inertial movement analysis events and internal workloads were stronger during training (r = .44–.88) than during games (r = .15–.69). Conclusions: PlayerLoad and summated-heart-rate zones possess the strongest dose–response relationship among a comprehensive selection of external and internal workload variables in basketball, particularly during training sessions compared with games. Basketball practitioners may therefore be able to best anticipate player responses when prescribing training drills using these variables for optimal workload management across the season.

Effects of Bout Duration on Players’ Internal and External Loads During Small-Sided Games in Young Soccer Players

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1370-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Köklü ◽  
Utku Alemdaroğlu ◽  
Hamit Cihan ◽  
Del P. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
External Loads

Purpose: To investigate the effects of different bout durations on internal and external loads of young soccer players during different small-sided games (SSGs). Methods: Fifteen young male soccer players (average age 17 ± 1 y) participated in 2 vs 2, 3 vs 3, and 4 vs 4 SSGs. All games lasted 12 min playing time in total, but each SSG format further consisted of 4 bout durations: continuous (CON: 1 bout × 12 min) or interval with short (SBD: 6 bouts  × 2 min), medium (MBD: 3 bouts × 4 min), or long (LBD: 2 bouts × 6 min) bout durations. During the SSGs, heart-rate (HR) responses and distance covered in different speed zones (walking and low-intensity, moderate-intensity, and high-intensity running) were measured. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate (La−) were determined at the end of each SSG. Results: The SBD format elicited significantly lower %HRmax responses compared to LBD and CON in all formats (P < .05). The SBD format also showed significantly shorter distances covered in walking and greater distances covered in moderate-intensity running, as well as significantly greater total distance covered compared to LBD and CON in all formats (P < .05). In addition, LBD produced significantly lower La− and RPE responses than SBD and CON in all formats (P < .05). Conclusions: These results suggest that coaches and sport scientists who want to achieve higher internal loads could use SBD and CON timing protocols, while those who want to achieve higher external loads might prefer to use SBD and MBD when planning all SSG formats.

scholarly journals Exercise Intensity and Validity of the Ratings of Perceived Exertion (Borg and OMNI Scales) in an Indoor Cycling Session

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Muyor
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Heart Rate Reserve ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion

Abstract The purpose of the study was: 1) to determine the intensity of an indoor cycling session; 2) to know the correlation between the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales (Borg and OMNI) and % heart rate reserve (%HRR) with categories; and 3) to evaluate the validity of RPE scales (Borg and OMNI) with respect to the heart rate (HR) and %HRR. A total of fifty-three subjects, 25 males and 28 females (ages: 28.79 ± 6.04 years; body height: 1.71 ± 0.09 m; body mass: 69.59 ± 13.69 kg) were recruited from a private fitness club. All subjects performed the same predesigned indoor cycling session with a total duration of 50 minutes. During the experimental trial, the HR was recorded every 5 s. The Borg 6-20 RPE and OMNI 0-10 scales were used to assess perceived exertion in each phase. The average HR in the cardiovascular phase was 152.24 ± 14.11 b•min-1, the %HRR was 80.62 ± 7.10; and the overall RPE (Borg and OMNI scales) was 14.94 ± 1.11 and 7.18 ± 0.79 points, respectively. The correlation between an average HR and %HRR with Borg and OMNI scales was lower than r = 0.4 (p < 0.05). The correlation value between the Borg and the OMNI RPE scales was r = 0.82 (p < 0.001). It can be concluded that indoor cycling elicits effort of high intensity which could be inappropriate for some participants. The Borg and OMNI scales showed a low validity to quantify the intensity performed in indoor cycling sessions. It indicates the necessity to control the intensity of effort with other instruments to improve efficacy and decrease the risk of overload in this activity.

Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Low- and High-Intensity Resistance Exercise by Young Adults

2002 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen M. Lagally ◽  
Kara I. Gallagher ◽  
Robert J. Robertson ◽  
Randall Gearhart ◽  
Fredric L. Goss
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Active Muscle ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
The One ◽  
Experimental Trials

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) are commonly used to monitor the intensity of aerobic exercise. Whether ratings of perceived exertion can be used similarly during resistance exercise is unclear. To examine this question, perceived exertion was measured at 30% and 90% of the one-repetition maximum (1-RM), while holding work constant between intensities. Ratings for the active muscles and for the overall body were examined during both intensities. 10 male (age = 23.2 ± 3.6 yr.) and nine female (age = 21.8 ± 2.7 yr.) volunteers underwent a one-repetition maximum procedure for each of the following exercises; bench press, leg press, latissimus pull down, triceps press, biceps curl, shoulder press, and calf raise. All subjects then completed two experimental trials on separate days. The high-intensity trial consisted of one set of five repetitions at 90% of the one-repetition maximum. The low-intensity trial consisted of one set of 15 repetitions at 30% of the one-repetition maximum. Active muscle and overall body ratings of perceived exertion were obtained immediately at termination of each of the seven exercises at both intensities. A two-factor (RPE x Intensity) repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed separately for each exercise. Both active muscle and overall body ratings of perceived exertion were higher ( p<.01) for the high-intensity trial than for the low intensity trial. Active muscle ratings were higher ( p<.01) than overall body ratings for all exercises. Ratings of perceived exertion during resistance exercise are related to intensity of the resistance exercise (percentage of the one-repetition maximum). This information suggests that ratings of perceived exertion can provide information regarding the intensity of resistance exercise. Furthermore, sensations of exertion in the active muscles during resistance exercise are greater than sensations for the overall body.

Working Overtime: The Effects of Overtime Periods on Game Demands in Basketball Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1331-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron T. Scanlan ◽  
Robert Stanton ◽  
Charli Sargent ◽  
Cody O’Grady ◽  
Michele Lastella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Medium Intensity

Purpose: To quantify and compare internal and external workloads in regular and overtime games and examine changes in relative workloads during overtime compared with other periods in overtime games in male basketball players. Methods: Starting players for a semiprofessional male basketball team were monitored during 2 overtime games and 2 regular games (nonovertime) with similar contextual factors. Internal (rating of perceived exertion and heart-rate variables) and external (PlayerLoad and inertial movement analysis variables) workloads were quantified across games. Separate linear mixed-models and effect-size analyses were used to quantify differences in variables between regular and overtime games and between game periods in overtime games. Results: Session rating-of-perceived-exertion workload (P = .002, effect size 2.36, very large), heart-rate workload (P = .12, 1.13, moderate), low-intensity change-of-direction events to the left (P = .19, 0.95, moderate), medium-intensity accelerations (P = .12, 1.01, moderate), and medium-intensity change-of-direction events to the left (P = .10, 1.06, moderate) were higher during overtime games than during regular games. Overtime periods also exhibited reductions in relative PlayerLoad (first quarter P = .03, −1.46, large), low-intensity accelerations (first quarter P = .01, −1.45, large; second quarter P = .15, −1.22, large), and medium-intensity accelerations (first quarter P = .09, −1.32, large) compared with earlier periods. Conclusions: Overtime games disproportionately elevate perceptual, physiological, and acceleration workloads compared with regular games in starting basketball players. Players also perform at lower external intensities during overtime periods than earlier quarters during basketball games.

Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Active Muscle During High-Intensity and Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
RANDALL E GEARHART ◽  
FREDRIC L. GOSS ◽  
KRISTEN M. LAGALLY ◽  
JOHN M. JAKICIC ◽  
JERE GALLAGHER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Active Muscle ◽  
Low Intensity

scholarly journals Self-Selected Versus Standardised Warm-Ups; Physiological Response on 500 m Sprint Kayak Performance

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Amelia F. Dingley ◽  
Alexander P. Willmott ◽  
John F. T. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Performance Ratings ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Similar Performance

This study investigated the effectiveness of a self-selected (SS) warm-up on 500 m sprint kayak performance (K500) compared to continuous (CON) and intermittent high intensity (INT)-type warm-ups. Twelve nationally ranked sprint kayakers (age 17.7 ± 2.3 years, mass 69.2 ± 10.8 kg) performed CON (15 min at the power at 2 m·mol−1), INT (10 min at 2 m·mol−1, followed by 5 × 10 s sprints at 200% power at VO2max with 50 s recovery at 55% power at VO2max), and SS (athlete’s normal competition warm-up) warm-ups in a randomised order. After a five-minute passive recovery, K500 performance was determined on a kayak ergometer. Heart rate and blood lactate (BLa) were recorded before and immediately after each warm-up and K500 performance. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at the end of the warm-up and K500. BLa, heart rate, and RPE were generally higher after the INT than CON and SS warm-ups (p < 0.05). No differences in these parameters were found between the conditions for the time trial (p > 0.05). RPE and changes in BLa and heart rate after the K500 were comparable. There were no differences in K500 performance after the CON, SS, or INT warm-ups. Applied practitioners can, therefore, attain similar performance independent of warm-up type.

scholarly journals Effects of pre-exercise acupuncture stimulation on heart rate response during short-duration exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidehiro Nakahara ◽  
Shin-ya Ueda ◽  
Eriko Kawai ◽  
Rui Higashiura ◽  
Tadayoshi Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Manual Acupuncture ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Acupuncture Stimulation

Abstract Background The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of bradycardia induced by pre-exercise acupuncture on heart rate responses during short-duration exercise. Methods A total of 29 healthy subjects underwent two protocols: protocol 1 assessed the effects of manual acupuncture on heart rate response during rest, and protocol 2 tested the hypothesis that the bradycardic effects induced by pre-exercise acupuncture continue during low- and high-intensity exercise. Their average age, height, weight, and body mass index were 21.2 ± 2.0 years, 167.2 ± 8.8 cm, 63.8 ± 12.8 kg, and 22.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2, respectively. In acupuncture stimulations for protocols 1 and 2, an acupuncture needle was inserted into the lower leg and manual acupuncture stimulation was performed at 1 Hz. Results In protocol 1 (resting condition), acupuncture stimulation induced a bradycardic response, which continued for 4 min after the cessation of acupuncture stimulation (p < 0.05). In protocol 2, the bradycardic response induced by pre-exercise acupuncture stimulation remained during low-intensity exercise and in the beginning of high-intensity exercise performed immediately after the cessation of acupuncture stimulation (p < 0.05). However, the effects disappeared when post-acupuncture exercise was performed when the heart rate was approximately 140 beats/min during high-intensity exercise. The rating of perceived exertion after exercise differed significantly between the acupuncture stimulation task (7.9 ± 1.6) and no-stimulation task (8.5 ± 2.0) (p = 0.03) only in the low intensity group. Conclusion This study may provide new insights into the effect of acupuncture stimulation on psycho-physiological conditions during exercise.

Workload Differences Between Training Drills and Competition in Elite Netball

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1385-1392
Author(s):  
Marni J. Simpson ◽  
David G. Jenkins ◽  
Vincent G. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Forward Direction ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Inertial Measurement Units ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Heart Rate Monitors ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Measurement Units

Purpose: To examine potential differences in internal and external workload variables between playing positions and between training drills and games within an elite netball team during training and competition. Methods: Nine elite female netballers were monitored during 15 games and all training sessions over 28 weeks. Workload variables assessed were relative PlayerLoad (PL per minute), accelerations, decelerations, jumps, changes of direction, high-intensity events, medium-intensity events, low-intensity events, PL in a forward direction, PL in a sideways direction, PL in a vertical direction, and summated heart-rate zones using heart-rate monitors and inertial measurement units. Results: Conditioning and match play during training were the only drills that matched or exceeded game workloads. Workloads during small-sided games were lower than game workloads for all variables. In games, goalkeeper, goal attack, and goal shooter had a greater frequency of jumps compared with other positions. Midcourt positions had a greater frequency of low-intensity events in a game. Conclusions: Workloads during small-sided games were lower than game workloads across all external and internal variables; therefore, netball staff should modify these small-sided games if they wish them to develop game-based qualities. Specific game workload variables indicate that there are differences within some positional groups; coaches need to be aware that positional groupings may fail to account for differences in workload between individual playing positions.

Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Active Muscle During High-Intensity and Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
RANDALL F. GEARHART JR. ◽  
FREDRIC L. GOSS ◽  
KRISTEN M. LAGALLY ◽  
JOHN M. JAKICIC ◽  
JERE GALLAGHER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Active Muscle ◽  
Low Intensity
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