Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison between Baseball Pitching and Football Passing

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn S. Fleisig ◽  
Rafael F. Escamilla ◽  
James R. Andrews ◽  
Tomoyuki Matsuo ◽  
Yvonne Satterwhite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High Speed ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Compressive Force ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Pelvis Rotation ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation

Kinematic and kinetic aspects of baseball pitching and football passing were compared. Twenty-six high school and collegiate pitchers and 26 high school and collegiate quarterbacks were analyzed using three-dimensional high-speed motion analysis. Although maximum shoulder external rotation occurred earlier for quarterbacks, maximum angular velocity of pelvis rotation, upper torso rotation, elbow extension, and shoulder internal rotation occurred earlier and achieved greater magnitude for pitchers. Quarterbacks had shorter strides and stood more erect at ball release. During arm cocking, quarterbacks demonstrated greater elbow flexion and shoulder horizontal adduction. To decelerate the arm, pitchers generated greater compressive force at the elbow and greater compressive force and adduction torque at the shoulder. These results may help explain differences in performance and injury rates between the two sports.

Mechanical Evaluation of the Pronator Teres Rerouting Tendon Transfer

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. J. VEEGER ◽  
M. KREULEN ◽  
M. J. C. SMEULDERS
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Pronator Quadratus ◽  
Pronator Teres

We simulated pronator teres rerouting using a three-dimensional biomechanical model of the arm. Simulations comprised the evaluation of changes in muscle length and the moment arm of pronator teres with changes in forearm axial rotation and elbow flexion. The rerouting of Pronator Teres was simulated by defining a path for it through the interosseous membrane with re-attachment to its original insertion. However the effect of moving the insertion to new positions, 2 cm below and above, the original position was also assessed. The effect on total internal rotation and external rotation capacity was determined by calculating the potential moments for pronator teres, supinator, pronator quadratus, biceps brachii and brachioradialis. Pronator teres was found to be a weak internal rotator in extreme pronation, but a strong internal rotator in neutral rotation and in supination. After rerouting pronator teres was only a strong external rotator in full pronation and not at other forearm positions, where the effect of rerouting was comparable to a release procedure.

Kinematic determinants of performance parameters during golf swing

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (5) ◽  
pp. 554-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Batbayar Khuyagbaatar ◽  
Tserenchimed Purevsuren ◽  
Yoon Hyuk Kim
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Left Knee ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Lower Trunk ◽  
Left Elbow ◽  
Posterior Tilt ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Measures Of Performance

In golf, the trunk and pelvis kinematic variables are often related to measures of performance due to the highly complex and multi-joint movements involved in swings. However, it is unclear how specific body segments or joints contributed to the golf performance parameters. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the key joints, including those of the upper and lower trunk, that are associated with golf performance parameters, such as X-Factor and pelvis motion. A motion capture system was used to obtain three-dimensional kinematics of golf swings performed by 10 low handicap male golfers. Based on regression analysis, right knee adduction, right shoulder external rotation and left elbow extension in ball address to top of the backswing and left knee adduction and lower trunk right bending with left rotation in top of the backswing to end of follow-through were presented as predictor variables for the X-Factor. For pelvis movement, a greater number of joint angles were associated with pelvis posterior tilt during backswing and pelvis motion to target with right rotation during downswing/follow-through. This study provides fundamental details of the movement mechanisms of major joints, as well as their relationships with performance parameters. Such understanding can be combined with training to improve the golfing skill and prevent possible injuries.

Effects of Bat Grip on Baseball Hitting Kinematics

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael F. Escamilla ◽  
Glenn S. Fleisig ◽  
Coop DeRenne ◽  
Marcus K. Taylor ◽  
Claude T. Moorman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Linear Velocity ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Motion System ◽  
Ball Contact ◽  
Pelvis Rotation

A motion system collected 120-Hz data from 14 baseball adult hitters using normal and choke-up bat grips. Six swings were digitized for each hitter, and temporal and kinematic parameters were calculated. Compared with a normal grip, the choke-up grip resulted in 1) less time during stride phase and swing; 2) the upper torso more opened at lead foot contact; 3) the pelvis more closed and less bat linear velocity at bat-ball contact; 4) less range of motion of the upper torso and pelvis during swing; 5) greater elbow flexion at lead foot contact; and 6) greater peak right elbow extension angular velocity. The decreased time during the stride phase when using a choke-up grip implies that hitters quicken their stride when they choke up. Less swing time duration and less upper torso and pelvis rotation range of motion using the choke-up grip supports the belief of many coaches and players that using a choke-up grip results in a “quicker” swing. However, the belief that using a choke-up grip leads to a faster moving bat was not supported by the results of this study.

scholarly journals Pengaruh kelelahan terhadap perubahan kinematika gerak pada saat overhead jumping smash dalam permainan bulutangkis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-287
Author(s):  
Agus Rusdiana
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Software Analysis ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Palmar Flexion

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kelelahan kardiovaskular terhadap perubahan kinematika gerak pada tubuh bagian atas saat pukulan overhead jumping smash dalam permainan bulutangkis. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pendekatan pre test and post test design. Sampel yang digunakan adalah pemain bulutangkis putra yang mempunyai keterampilan teknik overhead jumping smash dengan rata-rata usianya 19.4 ± 1.6 tahun, tinggi badan 1.73 ± 0.12m dan berat badan 60.8 ± 3.7kg dengan jumlah keseluruhan 12 orang. Penelitian ini menggunakan satu buah 3D force platform device, 3 buah Panasonic handycam, Frame DIAZ IV 3D motion software analysis, cosmed direct gas analyzer dan radar speed gun. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pada fase maximum angular velocity terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada empat variabel saat kondisi fatigue dan non fatigue antara lain shoulder internal rotation (P=0.042), elbow extension (P=0.035), forearm supination (P=0.024) dan wrist dorsi flexion (P=0.040). Selanjutnya pada fase instant of maximal shoulder external rotation terdapat tiga variabel perbedaan yang signifikan antara lain shuttlecock velocity (P=0.035), shoulder external rotation (P=0.048), dan wrist palmar flexion (P=0.037). Kesimpulan bahwa internal shoulder rotation, wrist palmar flexion dan forearm supination memberikan kontribusi yang sangat signfikan terhadap kecepatan shuttlecock pada saat melakukan overhead jumping smash dalam permainan bulutangkis.

scholarly journals Effect of a 6-Week Weighted Baseball Throwing Program on Pitch Velocity, Pitching Arm Biomechanics, Passive Range of Motion, and Injury Rates

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M. Reinold ◽  
Leonard C. Macrina ◽  
Glenn S. Fleisig ◽  
Kyle Aune ◽  
James R. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Emphasis on enhancing baseball pitch velocity has become popular, especially through weighted-ball throwing. However, little is known about the physical effects or safety of these programs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of training with weighted baseballs on pitch velocity, passive range of motion (PROM), muscle strength, elbow torque, and injury rates. Hypothesis: A 6-week weighted ball training program would result in a change in pitching biomechanical and physical characteristics. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Level of Evidence: Level 1. Methods: During the baseball offseason, 38 healthy baseball pitchers were randomized into a control group and an experimental group. Pitch velocity, shoulder and elbow PROM, shoulder strength, elbow varus torque, and shoulder internal rotation velocity were measured in both groups. The experimental group then performed a 6-week weighted ball throwing program 3 times per week using balls ranging from 2 to 32 ounces while the control group only used a 5-ounce regulation baseball. Both groups performed a strength training program. Measurements were then repeated after the 6-week period. Injuries were tracked over the 6-week training program and the subsequent baseball season. The effect of training with a weighted ball program was assessed using 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance at an a priori significance level of P < 0.05. Results: Mean age, height, mass, and pretesting throwing velocity were 15.3 ± 1.2 years (range, 13-18 years), 1.73 ± 0.28 m, 68.3 ± 11 kg, and 30.3 ± 0.7 m/s, respectively. Pitch velocity showed a statistically significant increase (3.3%) in the experimental group ( P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant increase of 4.3° of shoulder external rotation in the experimental group. The overall injury rate was 24% in the experimental group. Four participants in the experimental group suffered elbow injuries, 2 during the training program and 2 in the season after training. No pitchers in the control group were injured at any time during the study. Conclusion: Performing a 6-week weighted ball throwing program increased pitch velocity. However, the program resulted in increased shoulder external rotation PROM and increased injury rate. Clinical Relevance: Although weighted-ball training may increase pitch velocity, caution is warranted because of the notable increase in injuries and physical changes observed in this cohort.

scholarly journals In Vivo Kinematics of the Tibiotalar and Subtalar Joints in Asymptomatic Subjects: A High-Speed Dual Fluoroscopy Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koren E. Roach ◽  
Bibo Wang ◽  
Ashley L. Kapron ◽  
Niccolo M. Fiorentino ◽  
Charles L. Saltzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
High Speed ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tibiotalar Joint ◽  
In Vivo Kinematics ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects ◽  
Capture Techniques

Measurements of joint kinematics are essential to understand the pathomechanics of ankle disease and the effects of treatment. Traditional motion capture techniques do not provide measurements of independent tibiotalar and subtalar joint motion. In this study, high-speed dual fluoroscopy images of ten asymptomatic adults were acquired during treadmill walking at 0.5 m/s and 1.0 m/s and a single-leg, balanced heel-rise. Three-dimensional (3D) CT models of each bone and dual fluoroscopy images were used to quantify in vivo kinematics for the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. Dynamic tibiotalar and subtalar mean joint angles often exhibited opposing trends during captured stance. During both speeds of walking, the tibiotalar joint had significantly greater dorsi/plantarflexion (D/P) angular ROM than the subtalar joint while the subtalar joint demonstrated greater inversion/eversion (In/Ev) and internal/external rotation (IR/ER) than the tibiotalar joint. During balanced heel-rise, only D/P and In/Ev were significantly different between the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. Translational ROM in the anterior/posterior (AP) direction was significantly greater in the subtalar than the tibiotalar joint during walking at 0.5 m/s. Overall, our results support the long-held belief that the tibiotalar joint is primarily responsible for D/P, while the subtalar joint facilitates In/Ev and IR/ER. However, the subtalar joint provided considerable D/P rotation, and the tibiotalar joint rotated about all three axes, which, along with translational motion, suggests that each joint undergoes complex, 3D motion.

A Three-Dimensional Dynamic Analysis of the Quarterback's Throwing Motion in American Football

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Rash ◽  
Robert Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
American Football ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Acceleration Phase ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Performance System ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Collegiate Football ◽  
Coordinate Data

Twelve collegiate football quarterbacks were videotaped while performing drop back passes. The video images were digitized using a Peak Performance system, and three-dimensional (3-D) kinematic and kinetic data were calculated from the 3-D coordinate data using standard analytical procedures. The sequential timing of peak shoulder torques in the delivery for the football throw was peak abduction torque prior to the point of maximum shoulder external rotation (MER), peak internal rotation torque just after MER, and peak horizontal adduction torque just prior to release. As anticipated, large medial deviation torques at the elbow were found in the acceleration phase. However, in many cases the quarterbacks demonstrated larger elbow lateral deviation torques during the follow-through than found in the acceleration phase. This paper will describe these and other kinetic results and the kinematic findings observed during the football pass.

A Biomechanical Comparison of the Multisegment and Single Unit Topspin Forehand Drives in Tennis

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Elliott ◽  
Tony Marsh ◽  
Peter Overheu
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Unit Group ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
High Speed Photography

Three-dimensional (3-D) high-speed photography was used to compare different forehand techniques of high performance players. Subjects, who hit a topspin forehand drive with the hitting limb moving almost as a single unit (Gs: single-unit group), were compared with players whose individual segments of the upper limb moved relative to each other (Gm: multisegment group) when playing the same stroke. The Direct Linear Transformation method was used for 3-D space reconstruction from 2-D images recorded from laterally placed phase-locked cameras operating at 200 fps. A third Photosonics camera operating at 100 fps filmed from overhead. Significant differences between the groups were recorded at the shoulder and elbow joints at the completion of the backswing. Maximal elbow joint angular velocities occurred 0.06 sec prior to impact, with the Gm group recording a significantly higher mean value for elbow extension than the Gs group. At impact, however, the Gm group recorded a significantly higher level of elbow flexion than the Gs group and achieved a higher mean angular velocity at the wrist joint than the Gs group. The Gm group recorded a higher racket tip linear velocity at impact and higher postimpact ball velocity when compared to the Gs group. The Gm technique of racket movement produced higher racket and ball velocities for this group of high performance players.

Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy in Newborn Babies of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Mothers

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 362-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Al-Qattan ◽  
A.A.F. El-Sayed ◽  
A.Y. Al-Zahrani ◽  
S.A. Al-Mutairi ◽  
M.S. Al-Harbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Motor Power ◽  
Brachial Plexus Palsy ◽  
Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy ◽  
Obstetric Brachial Plexus ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Diabetic Mothers

Compared to non-diabetic mothers, diabetic mothers are known to deliver larger babies who are at higher risk for shoulder dystocia and obstetric brachial plexus palsy. The intrapartum forces applied during delivery of larger babies are expected to be higher. Hence, the chances of these babies for good spontaneous recovery are expected to be lower; and this is a generally believed hypothesis. The objective of this retrospective study was to compare obstetric brachial plexus palsy in newborn babies of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers. There were a total of 655 cases of obstetric palsy: 253 cases with diabetic mothers and 402 with non-diabetic mothers. The former were more likely to develop total palsy while the latter were more likely to develop extended Erb’s palsy. Newborn babies of diabetic mothers had significantly larger birth weights than those of non-diabetic mothers regardless of the type of palsy. The rate of good spontaneous recovery of the motor power of the limb in the two groups was not significantly different except in total palsy cases for shoulder external rotation and elbow flexion where the recovery was significantly better in the diabetic group. It was concluded that the generally believed hypothesis is not correct if one compares the outcome in the diabetic and non-diabetic groups for each type of palsy.

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