Age-Related Differences in Muscle Power during Single-Step Balance Recovery

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Madigan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Function ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Balance Recovery ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Right

The purpose of this study was to investigate agerelated differences in muscle power during a surrogate task of trip recovery. Participants included 10 healthy young men (19–23 years old) and 10 healthy older men (65–83). The task involved releasing participants from a forward-leaning posture. After release, participants attempted to recover their balance using a single step of the right foot. Muscle power at the hip, knee, and ankle of the stepping limb were determined from the product of joint angular velocity and joint torque. Muscle powers during balance recovery followed a relatively consistent pattern in both young and older men, and showed effects of both lean and age. Interestingly, the effects of age did not always involve smaller peak power values in the older men as expected from the well-documented loss of muscle power with aging. Older men exhibited smaller peak muscle power at the knee and larger peak muscle power at the ankle and hip compared to young men. The increases in muscle power at the ankle and hip may result from a neuromuscular adaptation aimed at improving balance recovery ability by compensating for the age-related loss of muscle function.

scholarly journals Age-Related Declines in Lower Limb Muscle Function are Similar in Power and Endurance Athletes of Both Sexes: A Longitudinal Study of Master Athletes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Ireland ◽  
Uwe Mittag ◽  
Hans Degens ◽  
Dieter Felsenberg ◽  
Ari Heinonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Lower Limb Muscle ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related

AbstractThe age-related decline in muscle function, particularly muscle power, is associated with increased risk of important clinical outcomes. Physical activity is an important determinant of muscle function, and different types of physical activity e.g. power-based versus endurance-based exercise appear to have differential effects on muscle power. Cross-sectional studies suggest that participation in power-based exercise is associated with greater muscle power across adulthood but this has not been investigated longitudinally. We recruited eighty-nine male and female power and endurance master athletes (sprint and distance runners respectively, baseline age 35–90y). Using jumping mechanography, we measured lower limb muscle function during a vertical jump including at least two testing sessions longitudinally over 4.5 ± 2.4y. We examined effects of time, discipline (power/endurance) and sex in addition to two- and three-way interactions using linear mixed-effects models. Peak relative power, relative force and jump height, but not Esslingen Fitness Index (indicating peak power relative to sex and age-matched reference data) declined with time. Peak power, force, height and EFI were greater in power than endurance athletes. There were no sex, discipline or sex*discipline interactions with time for any variable, suggesting that changes were similar over time for athletes of both sexes and disciplines. Advantages in lower limb muscle function in power athletes were maintained with time, in line with previous cross-sectional studies. These results suggest that improvements in lower limb function in less active older individuals following power-based training persist with continued adherence, although this requires further investigation in interventional studies.

Decreased active vasodilator sensitivity in aged skin

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. H1609-H1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Kenney ◽  
A. L. Morgan ◽  
W. B. Farquhar ◽  
E. M. Brooks ◽  
J. M. Pierzga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Vascular Conductance ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Right

Older men and women respond to local and reflex-mediated heat stress with an attenuated increase in cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC). This study was performed to test the hypothesis that an augmented or sustained noradrenergic vasoconstriction (VC) may play a role in this age-related difference. Fifteen young (22 +/- 1 yr) and 15 older (66 +/- 1 yr) men exercised at 50% peak oxygen uptake in a 36 degrees C environment. Skin perfusion was monitored at two sites on the right forearm by laser-Doppler flowmetry: one site pretreated with bretylium tosylate (BT) to block the local release of norepinephrine and thus VC and an adjacent control site. Blockade of reflex VC was verified during whole body cooling using a water-perfused suit. CVC (perfusion divided by mean arterial pressure) at each site was reported as a percentage of the maximal CVC (%CVCmax) induced at the end of each experiment by prolonged local heating at 42 degrees C. Neither age nor BT affected the %CVCmax (75-86%) attained at high core temperatures. During the early rise phase of CVC, the %CVCmax-change in esophageal temperature (delta T(es)) curve was shifted to the right in the older men (effective delta T(es) associated with 50% CVC response for young, 0.22 +/- 0.04 and 0.39 +/- 0.04 degrees C and for older, 0.73 +/- 0.04 and 0.85 +/- 0.04 degrees C at control and BT sites, respectively). BT had no interactive effect on this age difference, suggesting a lack of involvement of the VC system in the attenuated CVC response of individuals over the age of 60 yr. Additionally, increases in skin vascular conductance were quantitatively compared by measuring increases in total forearm vascular conductance (FVC, restricted to the forearm skin under these conditions). After the initial approximately 0.2 degrees C increase in T(es), FVC was 40-50% lower in the older men (P < 0.01) for the remainder of the exercise. Decreased active vasodilator sensitivity to increasing core temperature, coupled with structural limitations to vasodilation, appears to limit the cutaneous vascular response to exertional heat stress in older subjects.

scholarly journals Differences in the Apparent Metabolic Clearance Rate of Testosterone in Young and Older Men with Gonadotropin Suppression Receiving Graded Doses of Testosterone

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 4669-4675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea D. Coviello ◽  
Kishore Lakshman ◽  
Norman A. Mazer ◽  
Shalender Bhasin
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background: Recently we found that testosterone levels are higher in older men than young men receiving exogenous testosterone. We hypothesized that older men have lower apparent testosterone metabolic clearance rates (aMCR-T) that contribute to higher testosterone levels. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare aMCR-T in older and young men and identify predictors of aMCR-T. Methods: Sixty-one younger (19–35 yr) and 60 older (59–75 yr) men were given a monthly GnRH agonist and weekly testosterone enanthate (TE) (25, 50, 125, 300, or 600 mg) for 5 months. Estimated aMCR-T was calculated from the amount of TE delivered weekly and trough serum testosterone concentrations, corrected for real-time absorption kinetics from the im testosterone depot. Results: Older men had lower total (316 ± 13 vs. 585 ± 26 ng/dl, P &lt; 0.00001) and free testosterone (4 ± 0.1 vs. 6 ± 0.3 ng/dl, P &lt; 0.00001) and higher SHBG (52 ± 3 vs. 33 ± 2 nmol/liter, P &lt; 0.00001) than younger men at baseline. Total and free testosterones increased with TE dose and were higher in older men than young men in the 125-, 300-, and 600-mg dose groups. aMCR-T was lower in older men than young men (1390 ± 69 vs. 1821 ± 102 liter/d, P = 0.006). aMCR-T correlated negatively with age (P = 0.0007), SHBG (P = 0.046), and total testosterone during treatment (P = 0.02) and percent body fat at baseline (P = 0.01) and during treatment (P = 0.004). aMCR-T correlated positively with lean body mass at baseline (P = 0.03) and during treatment (P = 0.01). In multiple regression models, significant predictors of aMCR-T included lean body mass (P = 0.008), percent fat mass (P = 0.009), and SHBG (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Higher testosterone levels in older men receiving TE were associated with an age-related decrease in apparent testosterone metabolic clearance rates. Body composition and SHBG were significant predictors of aMCR-T.

Endothelin-1 vasoconstriction and the age-related decline in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in men

2011 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Westby ◽  
Brian R. Weil ◽  
Jared J. Greiner ◽  
Brian L. Stauffer ◽  
Christopher A. Desouza
Keyword(s):  
Young Men ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Eta Receptor ◽  
Vasomotor Regulation ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Potent Vasoconstrictor ◽  
Vasoconstrictor Peptide

ET (endothelin)-1, a potent vasoconstrictor peptide released by the endothelium, plays an important role in vasomotor regulation and has been linked to diminished endothelial vasodilator capacity in several pathologies associated with human aging, including hypertension, Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. However, it is currently unknown whether the decline in endothelial vasodilatation with advancing age is due to elevated ET-1 vasconstrictor activity. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that the age-related impairment in ACh (acetylcholine)-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is due, at least in part, to increased ET-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone. FBF (forearm blood flow) responses to ACh, SNP (sodium nitroprusside) and BQ-123 (ETA receptor blocker) were determined in 14 young (age, 25±1 years) and 14 older (age, 61±2 years) healthy non-obese men. Additionally, FBF responses to ACh were determined in the presence of ETA blockade. Vasodilatation to ACh was lower (approx. 25%; P<0.05) in the older men (from 4.9±0.2 to 13.9±0.9 ml·100 ml−1 of tissue·min−1) compared with the young men (4.6±0.3 to 17.2±1.0 ml·100 ml−1 of tissue·min−1). There were no differences in FBF responses to SNP between the young (4.8±0.3 to 18.5±0.3 ml·100 ml−1 of tissue·min−1) and older (5.1±0.3 to 17.3±0.8 ml·100 ml−1 of tissue·min−1) men. In the young men, resting FBF was not significantly altered by BQ-123, whereas, in the older men, FBF increased approx. 25% in response to BQ-123 infusion (P<0.05). Co-infusion of ACh with BQ-123 resulted in an approx. 20% increase in the ACh-induced vasodilatation in older men compared with saline. In contrast, FBF responses to ACh were not significantly altered by ETA blockade in the young men. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that ET-1 vasoconstrictor activity contributes, at least in part, to diminished endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in older men.

scholarly journals Blunting of AICAR-induced human skeletal muscle glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes is dependent on age rather than diabetic status

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (5) ◽  
pp. E1042-E1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Andree Babraj ◽  
Kristy Mustard ◽  
Calum Sutherland ◽  
Mhari C. Towler ◽  
Shaui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake ◽  
Ampk Activity ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Extracellular Regulated Kinase ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

We demonstrated previously that, in healthy young men, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) stimulates human muscle 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake without detectable activation of muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) but with extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. We tested whether AICAR stimulates muscle 2DG uptake in healthy older patients with or without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Six healthy young subjects (23 ± 3 yr, BMI 25 ± 2 kg/m−2; means ± SE), eight older subjects (59 ± 4 yr, BMI 28 ± 2 kg/m−2), and eight subjects with T2D (62 ± 4 yr, BMI 27 ± 2 kg/m−2) received a 6-h 2DG infusion (prime 10 mg/kg, 6 mg·kg−1·h−1) and AICAR (10 or 20 mg·kg−1·h−1) from 3 to 6 h. Quadriceps biopsies were taken at 0, 3, and 6 h. We determined 1) 2DG uptake, 2) total AMPKα activity, AMPK, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and AS160 phosphorylation, and 3) ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Ten milligrams per kilogram per hour AICAR increased 2DG uptake by 2.9 ± 0.7-fold in young men ( P < 0.001), 1.8 ± 0.2-fold in older men ( P < 0.01), and 1.6 ± 0.1-fold in men with T2D; 20 mg·kg−1·h−1 AICAR increases were 2.5 ± 0.1-fold (older men, P < 0.001) and 2.2 ± 0.2-fold (men with T2D, P < 0.001). At 3-h AMPK activity and AMPK, ACC and AS160 phosphorylation were unchanged, but ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased at both AICAR doses. The fold changes of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and 2DG uptake closely correlated ( R2 = 0.55, P = 0.003). AICAR stimulates muscle 2DG uptake in T2D to the same extent as in healthy age-matched controls, but there is an age-related reduction.

Age-related resistance to skeletal muscle fatigue is preserved during ischemia

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1628-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda H. Chung ◽  
Damien M. Callahan ◽  
Jane A. Kent-Braun
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Age Related

During voluntary contractions, the skeletal muscle of healthy older adults often fatigues less than that of young adults, a result that has been explained by relatively greater reliance on muscle oxidative metabolism in the elderly. Our aim was to investigate whether this age-related fatigue resistance was eliminated when oxidative metabolism was minimized via ischemia induced by cuff (220 mmHg). We hypothesized that 1) older men ( n = 12) would fatigue less than young men ( n = 12) during free-flow (FF) contractions; 2) both groups would fatigue similarly during ischemia; and 3) reperfusion would reestablish the fatigue resistance of the old. Subjects performed 6 min of intermittent, maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the ankle dorsiflexors under FF and ischemia-reperfusion (IR) conditions. Ischemia was maintained for the first 3 min of contractions, followed by rapid cuff deflation and reperfusion for 3 additional minutes of contractions. Central activation, peripheral activation, and muscle contractile properties were measured at 3 and 6 min of contractions. Older men fatigued less than young men during FF ( P ≤ 0.02), ischemia ( P < 0.001), and reperfusion ( P < 0.001). During FF, activation and contractile properties changed similarly across age groups. At the end of ischemia, central ( P = 0.02) and peripheral ( P ≤ 0.03) activation declined more in the young, with no effect of age on the changes in contractile properties. Thus age-related fatigue resistance was evident during FF and IR, indicating that differences in blood flow and oxidative metabolism do not explain the fatigue resistance of old age.

Velocity dependence of eccentric strength in young and old men: the need for speed!

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 703-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey A. Power ◽  
Demetri P. Makrakos ◽  
Daniel E. Stevens ◽  
Charles L. Rice ◽  
Anthony A. Vandervoort
Keyword(s):  
Large Range ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Voluntary Activation ◽  
Velocity Dependence ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Old Men

Older adults better maintain eccentric strength relative to isometric strength, as indicated by a higher ratio of eccentric:isometric torque as compared with younger adults. The effect of increasing angular velocities (>200°/s) on the age-related maintenance of eccentric strength has not been tested and thus it is unknown whether the eccentric:isometric ratio is velocity dependent in old age. The purpose of this study was to investigate eccentric strength of the ankle dorsiflexors over a large range of lengthening angular velocities in young and older men. Isometric neuromuscular properties were assessed on a HUMAC NORM dynamometer. Nine young (∼24 years) and 9 older (∼76 years) healthy men performed maximal voluntary eccentric contractions at angular velocities of 15–360°/s. Despite near full voluntary activation (>95%), the older men were ∼30% weaker than the young men for isometric strength (P < 0.05). Across all lengthening velocities, older men had a greater eccentric:isometric ratio than young men (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a velocity dependence of strength in both young and older men: eccentric strength increased as velocity increased up to 120°/s (P < 0.05) and plateaued thereafter. In young and older men, eccentric strength at 15°/s was ∼20% and ∼40% greater than isometric strength (P < 0.05), while at 360°/s eccentric strength was ∼50% and ∼90% greater, respectively (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that with increasing angular velocity, both young and older men have considerable increases in the eccentric:isometric ratio of torque production.

Effects of strength training on muscle power and serum hormones in middle-aged and older men

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1497-1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Izquierdo ◽  
K. Häkkinen ◽  
J. Ibañez ◽  
M. Garrues ◽  
A. Antón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Total Strength ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Power Load

Effects of 16-wk strength training on maximal strength and power performance of the arm and leg muscles and serum concentrations [testosterone (T), free testosterone (FT), and cortisol] were examined in 11 middle-aged (M46; 46 ± 2 yr) and 11 older men (M64; 64 ± 2 yr). During the 16-wk training, the relative increases in maximal strength and muscle power output of the arm and leg muscles were significant in both groups ( P < 0.05–0.001), with no significant differences between the two groups. The absolute increases were higher ( P < 0.01–0.05) in M46 than in M64 mainly during the last 8 wk of training. No significant changes were observed for serum T and FT concentrations. Analysis of covariance showed that, during the 16-wk training period, serum FT concentrations tended to decrease in M64 and increase in M46 ( P < 0.05). However, significant correlations between the mean level of individual serum T and FT concentrations and the individual changes in maximal strength were observed in a combined group during the 16-wk training ( r = 0.49 and 0.5, respectively; P < 0.05). These data indicate that a prolonged total strength-training program would lead to large gains in maximal strength and power load characteristics of the upper and lower extremity muscles, but the pattern of maximal and power development seemed to differ between the upper and lower extremities in both groups, possibly limited in magnitude because of neuromuscular and/or age-related endocrine impairments.

Chronic inflammation and the effect of IGF-I on muscle strength and power in older persons

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (3) ◽  
pp. E481-E487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelangela Barbieri ◽  
Luigi Ferrucci ◽  
Emilia Ragno ◽  
Annamaria Corsi ◽  
Stefania Bandinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Promoter Polymorphism ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Causal Pathway ◽  
Igf I

Deregulation of the inflammatory response plays a major role in the age-related decline of physical performance. The causal pathway leading from inflammation to disability has not been fully clarified, but several researches suggest that interleukin-6 (IL-6) causes a reduction of physical performance in elderly through its effect on muscle function. In vitro studies demonstrated that IL-6 inhibits the secretion of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its biological activity, suggesting that the negative effect of IL-6 on muscle function might be mediated through IGF-I. We evaluated the joint effect of IGF-I and IL-6 on muscle function in a population-based sample of 526 persons with a wide age range (20–102 yr). After adjusting for potential confounders, such as age, sex, body mass index, IL-6 receptor, and IL-6 promoter polymorphism, IL-6, IGF-I, and their interaction were significant predictors of handgrip and muscle power. In analyses stratified by IL-6 tertiles, IGF-I was an independent predictor of muscle function only in subjects in the lowest IL-6 tertile, suggesting that the effect of IGF-I on muscle function depends on IL-6 levels. This mechanism may explain why IL-6 is a strong risk factor for disability.

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