Overarm Throwing Variability as a Function of Trunk Action

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Urbin ◽  
David Stodden ◽  
Glenn Fleisig
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Linear Velocity ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Overarm Throwing ◽  
Trunk Tilt ◽  
Throwing Motion ◽  
Individual Body

Individual body segment actions evolve during throwing skill development. Maximal trunk involvement is typically the last feature of the movement pattern to fully develop. The current study examined developmental levels of trunk action and the associated variability in the throwing motion. The throwing motions of children and adolescents were analyzed via motion capture and trunk actions were classified as exhibiting no rotation (n = 7), blocked rotation (n = 6), or differentiated rotation (n = 11). Results indicated nonrotators exhibited greater variability than blocked-rotators in maximum humeral external rotation and humeral horizontal adduction angles at ball release; nonrotators also demonstrated greater variability than differentiated-rotators on these parameters, in addition to forward trunk tilt and elbow extension angle at ball release. Nonrotators produced more variable peak upper torso and humeral horizontal adduction angular velocities, as well as peak upper torso linear velocity, relative to differentiated-rotators. Blocked-rotators produced more variable peak pelvis, upper torso, and humeral horizontal adduction angular velocities, as well peak pelvis linear velocity, relative to differentiated-rotators. Nonrotators were less consistent relative to blocked- and differentiated-rotators in the time that elapsed from peak pelvis angular velocity to ball release. These results indicate that greater trunk involvement is associated with more consistent movement production.

A Comparison of Overarm Throwing with the Dominant and Nondominant Arm in Experienced Team Handball Players

2009 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland van den Tillaar ◽  
Gertjan Ettema
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Velocity ◽  
Shoulder Abduction ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Throwing Accuracy ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Overarm Throwing ◽  
Release Height ◽  
Trunk Tilt ◽  
Experienced Team

The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy, velocity, and kinematics of throws with the dominant and nondominant arms in experienced handball players. Significant differences in throwing accuracy and ball velocity were found: decreased maximal velocities of the major joint movements and especially decreased internal rotation velocity of the shoulder. Timing differences in the onset of some joint movements, which resulted in an altered throwing pattern, could explain differences in the throwing velocity. Lower ball velocity was compensated by the increased ball release height, which was caused by an increased shoulder abduction and trunk tilt sideways angle at ball release.

A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Overarm Throwing in Experienced Handball Players

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland van den Tillaar ◽  
Gertjan Ettema
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rotation Velocity ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Overarm Throwing

The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of upper extremity, trunk, and lower extremity movements in overarm throwing in team handball. In total, 11 joint movements during the throw were analyzed. The analysis consists of maximal angles, angles at ball release, and maximal angular velocities of the joint movements and their timing during the throw. Only the elbow angle (extension movement range) and the level of internal rotation velocity of the shoulder at ball release showed a significant relationship with the throwing performance. Also, a significant correlation was found for the timing of the maximal pelvis angle with ball velocity, indicating that better throwers started to rotate their pelvis forward earlier during the throw. No other significant correlations were found, indicating that the role of the trunk and lower limb are of minor importance for team handball players.

scholarly journals A Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison of Mound and Rocker Throws

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Brady ◽  
Sam Briend ◽  
Alex Caravan ◽  
Kyle Lindley ◽  
Michael E O'Connell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
P Value ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Throwing Motion

The stride phase of the baseball throwing motion is an influential aspect in throwing performance as described in previously published literature. The Rocker drill is a constraint that is often used to change or improve baseball throwing performance throughout a wide range of settings, coaches, and training programs. Due to the lack of quantified and documented effects of the Rocker drill on throwing mechanics, this study aims to identify the resulting changes in performance, kinematics, kinematic velocities, and kinetics from the Rocker drill and a variation of the Rocker drill to determine which constraint may promote more effective mechanical changes. We hypothesize that the normal Rocker drill will have significantly different throwing arm, trunk, and lower body kinematic positions at front Foot Plant, maximum throwing shoulder external rotation, and Ball Release, as well as significantly different ball velocity, maximum kinematic velocities, and throwing elbow kinetics when compared to the “Foot-up” variation of the Rocker drill. A total of 30 healthy baseball pitchers with collegiate or professional competition experience threw three to five regulation baseballs out of the “stretch” pitching position, the Rocker drill, and a less constrained, Foot-up variation of the Rocker drill as close to maximal intent as possible. Subjects wore retroreflective markers for use in kinematic measurements and ball velocity was measured with a Doppler radar device. Eleven statistically significant differences were found among the a priori tests conducted between the normal Rocker drill and the Foot-up Rocker drill. Ball velocity in the Foot-up Rocker was significantly greater than the normal Rocker (82.03 vs 79.53, p-value < 0.0001).Within the trunk kinematics category, the normal Rocker drill showed significantly greater trunk rotation angle at both Ball Release (BR) (111.90 vs 108.43, p-value = 0.0008) and Maximum External Rotation (MER) (98.76 vs 95.85, p-value = 0.0220) while the Foot-up Rocker showed significantly greater trunk lateral tilt at both Ball Release (33.86 vs 31.66, p-value = 0.0021) and Foot Plant (FP) (5.55 vs -0.13, p-value = 0.0222) as well as trunk forward tilt at BR (21.25 vs 16.85, p-value < 0.0001). Within the lower body kinematics category, the normal Rocker showed significantly greater front knee flexion at BR (41.71 vs 36.17, p-value = 0.0010), MER (49.51 vs 44.80, p-value = 0.0220) and FP (62.92 vs 51.04, p-value < 0.0001) while the Foot-up Rocker had significantly greater pelvis rotation angle at FP (38.25 vs 26.51, p-value = 0.0432). Within the kinematic velocity category, the Foot-up Rocker had significantly greater shoulder internal rotation angular velocity (4295.33 vs 4143.25, p-value = 0.0006). This study aims to identify various mechanical and performance differences in the throwing motion between the Rocker drill and a less constrained, Foot-up variation of the Rocker drill. Ball velocity, trunk and lower body kinematics as well as kinematic velocities showed significant differences between the Rocker and the Foot-up variation of the drill. These results can be used by coaches and trainers to determine in which setting these drills may provide desired throwing motion adjustments.

A Comparison of Kinematics Between Overarm Throwing With 20% Underweight, Regular, and 20% Overweight Balls

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland van den Tillaar ◽  
Gertjan Ettema
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Overarm Throwing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experienced Female

The aim of this study was to compare the kinematics in throwing with a regular weighted handball with 20% lighter and heavier balls in female experienced handball players. In total, eight joint movements during the throw were analyzed. The analysis consisted of maximal angles, angles at ball release, and maximal angular velocities of the joint movements and their timings during the throw. Results on 24 experienced female team handball players (mean age 18.2 ± 2.1 years) showed that the difference in ball weight affected the maximal ball velocity. The difference in ball release velocity was probably a result of the significant differences in kinematics of the major contributors to overarm throwing: elbow extension and internal rotation of the shoulder. These were altered when changing the ball weight, which resulted in differences in ball release velocity.

scholarly journals Motion Analysis Focusing on Rotational Movements of Professional Female Baseball Pitchers: Comparison with Male University Baseball Pitchers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13342
Author(s):  
Yoshikazu Azuma ◽  
Tomoyuki Matsui ◽  
Machiko Hiramoto ◽  
Ruo Hashimoto ◽  
Kanta Matsuzawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Rotation Phase ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Throwing Motion

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare pitching motion of the professional female baseball pitchers with the male university baseball pitchers focused on the pelvic and thoracic movements. Subjects and methods: The participants were 15 healthy professional female baseball pitchers (11 right-handers and 4 left-handers; age, 21.7 ± 3.2 years; height, 162.5 ± 5.1 cm; weight, 59.0 ± 6.6 kg) and 14 healthy male university baseball pitchers (12 right-handers and 2 left-handers; age, 19.9 ± 0.8 years; height, 176.4 ± 3.0 cm; body mass, 73.1 ± 3.0 kg). Throwing motion was captured by three-dimensional motion analysis system. Kinematic data of the lead hip, pelvis, thorax, and dominant shoulder were collected and the joint angle at maximum external rotation phase and ball release phase were compared. Results: The female baseball pitchers rotated pelvis and thorax more than the male at the maximum external rotation phase and ball release phase (p < 0.05). At the same, the pelvis and thorax of the female baseball pitchers were tilted significantly closer to horizontal plane than the male (p < 0.05). The pelvis and thorax of the male baseball pitchers was tilted to non-dominant lateral side. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the pelvic and thoracic movements of the professional female baseball pitchers was different from male university pitchers.

Kinematic Comparisons of Throwing Different Types of Baseball Pitches

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael F. Escamilla ◽  
Glenn S. Fleisig ◽  
Steven W. Barrentine ◽  
Naiquan Zheng ◽  
James R. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Trunk Tilt

The purpose of this study was to establish and compare kinematic data among four groups of collegiate pitchers who threw the fastball (FA), change-up (CH), curveball (CU), and slider (SL). Twenty-six kinematic parameters at lead foot contact, during the arm-cocking and arm acceleration phases, and at ball release were measured for 16 collegiate baseball pitchers. Approximately 60% of these parameters showed significant differences among the four pitch variations. The greatest number of differences (14 of 26) occurred between the FA and CH groups, while the fewest differences (2 of 26) occurred between the FA and SL groups. The CH group had the smallest knee and elbow flexion at lead foot contact and the greatest knee and elbow flexion at ball release. During the arm-cocking and arm acceleration phases, peak shoulder, elbow, and trunk angular velocities were generally greatest in the FA and SL groups and smallest in the CH group. At ball release the CH group had the most upright trunk and the greatest horizontal shoulder adduction, while the CU group had the most lateral trunk tilt. Understanding kinematic differences can help a pitcher select and learn different pitches and can help a batter learn how to identify different pitches.

3–Dimensional Kinematics of Overarm Throwing Action of Children Age 15 to 30 Months

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1267-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascual Marques-Bruna ◽  
Paul N. Grimshaw
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Overarm Throwing ◽  
Older Subjects

7 children 15 to 30 mo. old participated in a study of 3–dimensional kinematics of overarm throwing. Children of different ages were considered to be at different developmental stages of motor development. Video recordings were digitised and 3-dimensional coordinates established using the DLT algorithm. Qualitative analysis indicated that the children executed either a ‘static’ or ‘dynamic’ throwing action. Either could further be classified as ‘arm dominated’ or ‘sequentially linked.’ Maximum elbow extension was no more than 163° for any child; release velocity was higher for older subjects; and the angle of ball release was large in ‘arm-dominated throws’ ( M = 49°) and comparatively smaller in ‘sequentially linked’ throws ( M = 15°).

Circulation control in magnetohydrodynamic rotating flows

2017 ◽  
Vol 829 ◽  
pp. 328-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. Borisevich ◽  
E. P. Potanin ◽  
J. Whichello
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Exact Analytical Solution ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Rotating Cylinder ◽  
Rotating Disc ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Energy Equations

A model of a laminar viscous conducting flow, near a dielectric disc in a uniform magnetic field and in the presence of external rotation, is considered, where there is a uniform suction and an axial temperature gradient between the flow and the disc’s surface. It is assumed that the parameters of the suction or the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) interaction are such that the nonlinear inertial terms, related to the circulation flow, are negligible in the differential equations of the MHD boundary layer on a rotating disc. Analysis of the motion and energy equations, taking the dependence of density on temperature into account, is carried out using the Dorodnitsyn transformation. The exact analytical solution for the boundary layer and heat transfer equations is obtained and analysed, neglecting the viscous and Joule dissipation. The dependence of the flow characteristics in the boundary layer on the rate of suction and the magnetic field induction is studied. It is shown that the direction of the radial flow in the boundary layer on a disc can be changed, not only by variation of the ratio between the angular velocities in the external flow and the boundary layer, but also by changing the ratio of the temperatures in these two flows, as well as by varying the hydrodynamic Prandtl number. The approximate calculation of a three-dimensional flow in a rotating cylinder with a braking disc (or lid) is carried out, demonstrating that a magnetic field slows the circulation velocity in a rotating cylinder.

scholarly journals Baseball Pitchers’ Kinematic Sequences and Their Relationship to Elbow and Shoulder Torque Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967119S0042
Author(s):  
Donna Moxley Scarborough ◽  
Shannon E. Linderman ◽  
Javier E. Sanchez ◽  
Eric M. Berkson
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
The Ideal

Objectives: Ball velocity is generated during the overhead baseball pitch via efficient force transmission up the kinetic chain, from the lower body up and outward to the throwing hand. The kinematic sequence, or the sequential timing pattern of peak angular velocities of body segments during a pitch, provides insight to segment position and motion control that drives the kinetic chain (Putnam CA, 1993). Previous publications report an ideal kinematic sequence (KS) where the timing of each body segment’s peak angular velocity occurs in a proximal-to-distal (PDS) pattern resulting in greater ball velocity and reduction in throwing arm injury risk (Fortenbaugh D, et.al, 2009). A recent study revealed that baseball pitchers perform a variety of KSs (Scarborough DM et.al, 2018). There is no known investigation of the relationship of kinematic sequences and throwing arm joint torques. The purpose of this study was to 1) identify the number of different KSs performed by each pitcher and 2) compare elbow valgus and shoulder external rotation (ER) and extension (Ext) torques between the 3 primary KSs performed during the fastball pitch. Methods: Fourteen collegiate baseball pitchers (20.57 ± 1.91 yr) underwent 3D biomechanical pitch analysis using 20 motion-capture Vicon MX™ cameras (360 Hz). A total of 119 fastball pitches with an average of 8.5 ± 2.71 pitches per player were analyzed. Elbow valgus and shoulder external rotation and extension torques were calculated. The timing of peak angular velocities for the pelvis, trunk, arm, forearm and hand body segments were recorded to generate each pitch’s KS. KSs were then divided into groups based on similarities to the ideal PDS pattern. ANCOVA statistical analyses were performed to compare joint torques across these KS groups with ball velocity as a covariate. Results: A total of 13 different KSs were observed across the 14 pitchers resulting in an average of 3 ± 1.41 different KSs per pitcher. Three different primary KS groups were identified: (1) PDS group: with a KS closest to the ideal PDS pattern (2) the Altered Distal Upper Extremity segment: with the forearm peaking after the hand (the most common group) and (3) Altered Proximal Upper Extremity segment order with the arm segment peaking after the hand (2nd most common). Across these three primary KS patterns, statistically significant differences were noted for elbow valgus torque [F(62,2) = 8.785, ɳ2 = .221, p < 0.00], shoulder external rotation (ER) torque [F(62,2) = 14.127, ɳ2 = .313, p < 0.00] and shoulder extension (Ext) torque [F(62,2) = 13.237, ɳ2 = .299, p < 0.00] (Figure 1). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that collegiate baseball pitchers performed an average of 3 different kinematic sequence patterns during fastball pitching. This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between KSs and elbow and shoulder torque production. As anticipated, the PDS KSs produced the least torque across the elbow and shoulder joints. Alterations in Distal Upper Extremity KS was most common and generated the greatest shoulder Ext torques. Alterations in the Proximal Upper Extremity KS demonstrated the greatest elbow valgus and shoulder ER. Further study of the influence of kinematic sequence on joint torques in the baseball pitch may provide insight into pitching injuries and injury avoidance programs.

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