Fauls Stretching Routine Produces Acute Gains in Throwing Shoulder Mobility in Collegiate Baseball Players

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Sauers ◽  
Anna August ◽  
Alison Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Passive Stretching ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Shoulder Complex ◽  
Posterior Shoulder Tightness

Context:Stretching prior to activity or as a rehabilitative intervention may promote increased throwing shoulder range of motion (ROM) in baseball pitchers.Objective:To evaluate the acute effects of Fauls modified passive stretching routine on throwing shoulder mobility in collegiate baseball players.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Thirty collegiate baseball players with unimpaired shoulders.Interventions:Fauls modified passive stretching routine was performed on the throwing shoulder of each subject.Outcome Measures:Shoulder complex and passive isolated glenohumeral internal and external rotation ROM were measured with a goniometer, and posterior shoulder tightness was assessed with the Tyler’s test method using a carpenter’s square. Measurements were made bilaterally.Results:The dominant shoulder displayed significant increases in glenohumeral and shoulder complex internal and external rotation ROM and significantly decreased posterior shoulder tightness following the stretching routine.Conclusion:Application of the Fauls modified passive shoulder stretching routine results in acute gains in throwing shoulder mobility of collegiate baseball players.

Lack of a Relationship Between Glenohumeral External-Rotation Strength and Posterior Shoulder Tightness in Baseball Players

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin G. Laudner ◽  
Mike Moline ◽  
Keith Meister
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Rotation Strength ◽  
Posterior Shoulder Tightness ◽  
Throwing Motion

Context:Posterior shoulder tightness has been associated with altered shoulder range of motion (ROM) and several pathologic entities in baseball players. This tightness is hypothesized to be the result of the cumulative stress placed on the posterior shoulder during the deceleration phase of the throwing motion. The role of the posterior shoulder static restraints is to absorb this load while the glenohumeral (GH) external rotators eccentrically decelerate the arm after ball release and therefore also help dissipate this force. As such, the authors hypothesized that if the GH external rotators are weak, an excessive amount of this deceleration force is placed on the static restraints, which may lead to subsequent tightness.Objective:To compare the relationship between GH external-rotation strength and posterior shoulder tightness as measured by GH horizontal-adduction and internal-rotation ROM.Design:Descriptive study.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:45 professional baseball players.Main Outcome Measures:GH external-rotation strength and GH horizontal-adduction and internalrotation ROM.Results:GH external-rotation strength showed no relationship with either GH horizontal-adduction ROM (r2 = .02, P = .40) or GH internal-rotation ROM (r2 = .002, P = .77).Conclusion:There is little to no relationship between GH external-rotation strength and posterior shoulder tightness in professional baseball players. The posterior static restraints of the shoulder may absorb a large majority of the deceleration forces during the throwing motion. Although strengthening of the posterior shoulder dynamic restraints should not be overlooked, routine stretching of the static restraints may be more beneficial for decreasing posterior shoulder tightness and the subsequent risks associated with this tightness, although future research is warranted.

Flexibility, Position, and Strength of the Shoulder Complex in Pediatric and Adult Amateur Tennis Athletes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Germanna M. Barbosa ◽  
Larissa P. Ribeiro ◽  
Ana B. Nasser ◽  
Gretchen D. Oliver ◽  
Paula R. Camargo
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Posterior Capsule ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Cutoff Values ◽  
Shoulder Complex ◽  
Dominant Side

Context: Understanding the musculoskeletal adaptations in the shoulder complex of varying ages of tennis athletes may suggest preventive protocols and conditioning and rehabilitation programs to this population. This study aimed to generate a bilateral descriptive profile of shoulder flexibility, scapular and clavicular position, and muscle strength in pediatric and adult amateur tennis athletes. The outcome measures were compared between groups and sides. The number and percentage of athletes “at risk” according to cutoff values for shoulder range of motion (ROM) were also analyzed. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: 36 pediatric and 28 adult amateur tennis athletes were tested. Outcome measures were ROM of shoulder flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation, posterior capsule tightness, pectoralis minor index (PMI), scapular upward rotation, clavicular elevation, and strength of the external rotators, serratus anterior, and lower trapezius of the dominant/nondominant sides. Results: Pediatric athletes had greater dominant side external rotation (P = .01) and total ROM (P = .04), increased Low Flexion test (P = .01), and decreased PMI (P = .01) compared with the adults. Bilaterally, the pediatric athletes had greater dominant side external rotation ROM (P < .01) and decreased PMI (P = .002) as compared with their nondominant side, whereas the adults displayed lower values on posterior capsule tightness (P = .01) and decreased PMI (P = .02) on their dominant side compared with their nondominant side. For the remaining outcomes, no interaction effects were observed. The cutoff values for shoulder ROM showed that several athletes were “at risk” of shoulder problems. Conclusion: Upper extremity adaptations at the shoulder are present in both pediatric and adult tennis athletes. These data can assist clinicians in better understanding the biomechanical adaptations in the shoulder of amateur tennis athletes in different age groups.

Change in Glenohumeral Rotation and Scapular Position After a Division I Collegiate Baseball Season

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen John Thomas ◽  
Charles B. Swanik ◽  
Kathleen Swanik ◽  
John D. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Division I ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Anterior Instability ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Collegiate Baseball

Context:Pathologies such as anterior instability and impingement are common in baseball and have been linked to decreases in internal-rotation (IR) motion and concurrent increases in external-rotation (ER) motion. In addition, alterations to scapular upward rotation have been identified in this population.Objective:To measure glenohumeral (GH) IR and ER rotation, total range of motion (ROM), and scapular upward rotation throughout the course of a Division I collegiate baseball season.Design:Pretest to posttest study.Setting:Controlled laboratory setting.Participants:Thirty-one collegiate baseball players with no current shoulder or elbow injury completed this study.Intervention:Participants were measured for all dependent variables at preseason and postseason.Main Outcome Measures:GH IR and ER were measured supine with the scapula stabilized. Total GH ROM was calculated as the sum of IR and ER measures. Scapular upward rotation was tested at rest, 60°, 90°, and 120° of GH abduction in the scapular plane.Results:Overall, the dominant arm had significantly less GH IR and significantly more ER than the nondominant arm. The total motion on the dominant arm was significantly less than on the nondominant arm. No significant differences were observed from preseason to postseason for IR, ER, or total motion. Dominant-arm scapular upward rotation significantly decreased at 60°, 90°, and 120° of abduction from preseason to postseason.Conclusion:Collegiate baseball players presented with significant GH-motion differences (decreases in IR and increases in ER) in their dominant arm compared with their nondominant arm. There was also significantly less total motion on the dominant arm. After 12 wk of competitive Division I collegiate baseball, there were significant decreases in upward rotation over the season.

Clinical Measures of Shoulder Mobility in College Water-Polo Players

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Witwer ◽  
Eric Sauers
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Water Polo ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Clinical Measures ◽  
Posterior Shoulder Tightness

Context:Overhead stress from both swimming and throwing in water-polo players might lead to alterations in shoulder mobility and subsequent injury.Objective:To evaluate clinical measures of shoulder mobility in college water-polo players.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:University athletic training facility.Patients:31 Division I water-polo athletes.Main Outcome Measures:Measures were obtained for both the dominant and nondominant shoulders. Scapular upward rotation was measured using a digital inclinometer, posterior shoulder tightness was assessed by recording horizontal adduction with the scapula stabilized, and passive isolated glenohumeral-joint internal- and external-rotation range of motion were measured using goniometry.Results:No significant difference was observed between sides for scapular upward rotation (P= .68), posterior shoulder tightness (P= .25), or internal rotation (P= .41). A significant difference between sides was present for external rotation (P< .0001) and total arc of motion (P= .039).Conclusions:The dominant shoulders demonstrated significantly greater external rotation and a significantly greater total arc of motion than the nondominant shoulders did.

scholarly journals Shoulder Strength and Range of Motion in Healthy Collegiate Softball Players

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Biaggi ◽  
Brooke Farmer ◽  
Matthew Hobson ◽  
Curtis Self ◽  
Terry L. Grindstaff
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion

Abstract Context: Shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength are key injury evaluation components for overhead athletes. Most normative values are derived from male baseball players with limited information specific to female softball players. Objective: To determine between-limb differences in shoulder ROM and strength in healthy collegiate softball players. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: University research laboratory and collegiate athletic training room Participants: Twenty-three healthy collegiate softball players (age=19.9 ± 1.2y; height=170.5 ± 4.3cm; mass=78.4 ± 11.3kg). Interventions: Outcome measures included shoulder ROM (internal [IR] and external rotation [ER]), isometric strength (IR, ER, flexion, abduction [135 degrees], and horizontal abduction), and a measure of dynamic strength (Upper Quarter Y Balance Test [UQYBT]). Main Outcome Measures: Paired sample t-tests were used to determine between limb differences for each outcome measure. Results: Participants had significantly more ER ROM (12° more) and significantly less IR ROM (12° less) on the dominant arm, relative to the non-dominant arm. There were no significant differences between limbs for any of the isometric strength measures or for the UQYBT reach directions. Conclusions: While female collegiate softball players demonstrated typical changes in ER and IR ROM in the dominant arm, they demonstrated relatively symmetrical performance across strength measures, which contrasts with previous studies using male baseball players.

scholarly journals The Acute Effects of Sleeper Stretches on Shoulder Range of Motion

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin G. Laudner ◽  
Robert C. Sipes ◽  
James T. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Shoulder Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder Tightness ◽  
Shoulder Range

Abstract Context: The deceleration phase of the throwing motion creates large distraction forces at the shoulder, which may result in posterior shoulder tightness and ensuing alterations in shoulder range of motion (ROM) and may result in an increased risk of shoulder injury. Researchers have hypothesized that various stretching options increase this motion, but few data on the effectiveness of treating such tightness are available. Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of “sleeper stretches” on shoulder ROM. Design: Descriptive with repeated measures. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory and 2 separate collegiate athletic training facilities. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-three National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I baseball players (15 pitchers, 18 position players; age  =  19.8 ± 1.3 years, height  =  184.7 ± 6.4 cm, mass  =  84.8 ± 7.7 kg) and 33 physically active male college students (age  =  20.1 ± 0.6 years, height  =  179.6 ± 6.6 cm, mass  =  83.4 ± 11.3 kg) who reported no recent participation (within 5 years) in overhead athletic activities. Intervention(s): Range-of-motion measurements of the dominant shoulder were assessed before and after completion of 3 sets of 30-second passive sleeper stretches among the baseball players. The ROM measurements in the nonthrower group were taken using identical methods as those in the baseball group, but this group did not perform any stretch or movement between measurements. Main Outcome Measure(s): Internal and external glenohumeral rotation ROM and posterior shoulder motion (glenohumeral horizontal adduction). Results: In the baseball group, posterior shoulder tightness, internal rotation ROM, and external rotation ROM were −3.5° ± 7.7°, 43.8° ± 9.5°, and 118.6° ± 10.9°, respectively, before the stretches and were −1.2° ± 8.8°, 46.9° ± 9.8°, and 119.2° ± 11.0°, respectively, after the stretches. These data revealed increases in posterior shoulder motion (P  =  .01, effect size  =  0.30) and in internal shoulder rotation (P  =  .003, effect size  =  0.32) after application of the stretches. No other differences were observed in the baseball group, and no differences were noted in the nonthrower group. Conclusions: Based on our results, the sleeper stretches produced a statistically significant acute increase in posterior shoulder flexibility. However, this change in motion may not be clinically significant.

Effects of Non-Assisted Posterior Shoulder Stretches on Shoulder Range of Motion Among Collegiate Baseball Pitchers

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakiki Oyama ◽  
Candice P. Goerger ◽  
Benjamin M. Goerger ◽  
Scott M. Lephart ◽  
Joseph B. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Shoulder Range

scholarly journals Shoulder Range of Motion and Baseball Arm Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1190-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett S. Bullock ◽  
Mallory S. Faherty ◽  
Leila Ledbetter ◽  
Charles A. Thigpen ◽  
Timothy C. Sell
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Methodologic Quality ◽  
Arm Injuries

Objective Arm injuries in baseball players are a common problem. The identification of modifiable risk factors, including range of motion (ROM), is essential for injury prevention. The purpose of this review was to assess the methodologic quality and level of evidence in the literature and to investigate the relationship between shoulder ROM and the risk of arm injuries in baseball players. Data Sources Relevant studies in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and SPORTDiscus published from inception to August 1, 2017. Study Selection Only studies that encompassed healthy baseball cohorts who were assessed for shoulder ROM and prospectively evaluated for injuries throughout a baseball season or seasons were included. Data Extraction Six articles met the search criteria. Only 3 studies were included in the meta-analysis due to disparate participant groups. Data Synthesis The modified Downs and Black scale (0–15 points) was used to analyze methodologic quality. Study quality ranged from 11 to 14. Four studies received high-quality (≥12) and 2 studies received moderate-quality (≥10) scores. The overall pooled analysis demonstrated that absolute and internal-rotation deficits (–5.93 [95% confidence interval {CI} = –9.43, –2.43], P &lt; .001 and 4.28 [0.71, 7.86], P = .02, respectively) and absolute total ROM (TROM; –6.19 [95% CI = –10.28, –2.10]; P = .003) were predictors of injury, and these data exhibited homogeneity (absolute IR P value = .77, I2 = 0%; IR deficit P value = .41, I2 = 0%; absolute TROM P value = .78, I2 = 0%). No significance was observed for absolute external rotation (–2.86 [95% CI = –6.56, 0.83], P = .13), which had data with high heterogeneity (P = .003; I2 = 83%). A deficit in horizontal adduction was a predictor of injury (–8.32 [95% CI = –12.08, –4.56]; P &lt; .001); these data were homogeneous but yielded a moderate heterogenic effect (P = .16; I2 = 50%). Conclusions High-quality evidence demonstrated that deficits in throwing-arm TROM and IR were associated with upper extremity injury in baseball players. Heterogeneity across studies for horizontal adduction suggested that this may be a modifiable risk factor for injury, but it requires further research.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Humeral Torsion and Arm Injury in Baseball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Joshua K. Helmkamp ◽  
Garrett S. Bullock ◽  
Allison Rao ◽  
Ellen Shanley ◽  
Charles Thigpen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Competition Level ◽  
Humeral Torsion ◽  
The Relationship

Context: Humeral torsion (HT) has been linked to various injuries and benefits. However, the exact interplay between HT, shoulder range of motion (ROM), competition level differences, and injury risk is unclear. Objective: To determine the relationship between HT, ROM, and injury risk in baseball players. Secondarily, to determine HT based on competition level. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception until November 4, 2018. Study Selection: Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) HT measurements and (2) arm injury or shoulder ROM. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Data Extraction: Two reviewers recorded patient demographics, competition level, HT, shoulder ROM, and injury data. Results: A total of 32 studies were included. There was no difference between baseball players with shoulder and elbow injuries and noninjured players (side-to-side HT difference: mean difference [MD], 1.75 [95% CI, –1.83 to 2.18]; dominant arm: MD, 0.17 [95% CI, –1.83 to 2.18]). Meta-regression determined that for every 1° increase in shoulder internal rotation (IR), there was a subsequent increase of 0.65° in HT (95% CI, 0.28 to 1.02). HT did not explain external rotation (ER ROM: 0.19 [95% CI, –0.24 to 0.61]) or horizontal adduction (HA ROM: 0.18 [95% CI, –0.46 to 0.82]). There were no differences between HT at the high school, college, or professional levels. Conclusion: No relationship was found between HT and injury risk. However, HT explained 65% of IR ROM but did not explain ER ROM or HA ROM. There were no differences in HT pertaining to competition level. The majority of IR may be nonmodifiable. Treatment to restore and maintain clinical IR may be important, especially in players with naturally greater torsion. HT adaptation may occur prior to high school, which can assist in decisions regarding adolescent baseball participation.

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