Flexibility, Position, and Strength of the Shoulder Complex in Pediatric and Adult Amateur Tennis Athletes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Germanna M. Barbosa ◽  
Larissa P. Ribeiro ◽  
Ana B. Nasser ◽  
Gretchen D. Oliver ◽  
Paula R. Camargo
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Posterior Capsule ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Cutoff Values ◽  
Shoulder Complex ◽  
Dominant Side

Context: Understanding the musculoskeletal adaptations in the shoulder complex of varying ages of tennis athletes may suggest preventive protocols and conditioning and rehabilitation programs to this population. This study aimed to generate a bilateral descriptive profile of shoulder flexibility, scapular and clavicular position, and muscle strength in pediatric and adult amateur tennis athletes. The outcome measures were compared between groups and sides. The number and percentage of athletes “at risk” according to cutoff values for shoulder range of motion (ROM) were also analyzed. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: 36 pediatric and 28 adult amateur tennis athletes were tested. Outcome measures were ROM of shoulder flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation, posterior capsule tightness, pectoralis minor index (PMI), scapular upward rotation, clavicular elevation, and strength of the external rotators, serratus anterior, and lower trapezius of the dominant/nondominant sides. Results: Pediatric athletes had greater dominant side external rotation (P = .01) and total ROM (P = .04), increased Low Flexion test (P = .01), and decreased PMI (P = .01) compared with the adults. Bilaterally, the pediatric athletes had greater dominant side external rotation ROM (P < .01) and decreased PMI (P = .002) as compared with their nondominant side, whereas the adults displayed lower values on posterior capsule tightness (P = .01) and decreased PMI (P = .02) on their dominant side compared with their nondominant side. For the remaining outcomes, no interaction effects were observed. The cutoff values for shoulder ROM showed that several athletes were “at risk” of shoulder problems. Conclusion: Upper extremity adaptations at the shoulder are present in both pediatric and adult tennis athletes. These data can assist clinicians in better understanding the biomechanical adaptations in the shoulder of amateur tennis athletes in different age groups.

Shoulder Range of Motion and Strength Characteristics in Circus Acrobats

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Carlie Huberman ◽  
Melissa Scales ◽  
Srikant Vallabhajosula
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Hand Dominance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Shoulder Strength ◽  
Shoulder Complex ◽  
Shoulder Range

OBJECTIVES: To begin to establish normative data for shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength in the circus acrobats and to compare these values based on age, sex, hand dominance, and acrobatic subgroup. METHODS: Active (AROM) and passive (PROM) of the full shoulder complex and PROM of the isolated glenohumeral joint were measured in 193 circus acrobats using standardized techniques for anterior elevation (flexion), posterior elevation (extension), lateral elevation (abduction), and external and internal rotation. Shoulder strength was measured using a hand-held dynamometer in all planes of motion. Measurements were taken twice and averaged. Mixed ANOVA were performed. One-sample t-tests were used to compare with general population. RESULTS: Several significant differences were noted between dominant and non-dominant sides, but not between the sex or age groups tested. Acrobats who did both aerial and ground acrobatics had significantly greater full shoulder complex flexion AROM than the aerial group, and AROM extension than the ground group. Circus acrobats had significantly greater AROM full shoulder complex extension, abduction, internal and external rotation, and shoulder strength than the general population. CONCLUSION: Overall, results from this cross-sectional study revealed that circus acrobats had greater shoulder strength and ROM than the general population, which could affect the way these patients should be treated in a clinical setting. Age and sex seemed to have minimal effects, but there was clearly an effect of hand dominance. Acrobats who train both aerial and ground acrobatics may have greater ROM in certain planes than those who train in only one type of discipline.

Acute Effects of 2 Consecutive Simulated Badminton Matches on the Shoulder Range of Motion and Isometric Strength of Elite Youth Players

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez ◽  
Alejandro Lopez-Valenciano ◽  
Jose Vicente Garcia-Tormo ◽  
David Cabello-Manrique ◽  
Juan García-López
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Shoulder Strength ◽  
Shoulder Range ◽  
Dominant Side

Purpose: To analyze the influence of playing 2 consecutive prolonged badminton matches on the shoulder strength and range of motion (ROM) of young players. Methods: Sixteen elite junior badminton players (12 males and 4 females; mean (SD): age 16.2 [0.8] years, body mass 63.5 [6.6] kg, height 173.2 [6.3] cm) participated in a cross-sectional study. Shoulder internal (IR)/external rotation (ER) ROM and IR/ER strength measures were conducted before and after 2 consecutive prolonged (ie, 35 min) matches and 12 hours after the second match. Results: After consecutive matches, IR strength of the dominant side and ER strength of the dominant and nondominant sides (effect size [ES] = 0.20–0.57) were reduced. Shoulder total ROM of the dominant side was decreased (ES = 0.80), while on the nondominant side, IR (ES = 0.66) was also decreased. After 12 hours, results showed decreased values in the IR/ER strength of the dominant side (ES = 0.36–1.00), as well as ER of both dominant and nondominant sides (ES = 0.30–0.59). IR ROM of the nondominant side (ES = 0.69) was also decreased. Conclusion: Present results showed that 2 consecutive matches on the same day with brief rest periods led to significant impairments in shoulder strength and ROM levels. These data can potentially elucidate the need for shoulder-specific training and recovery strategies prior to or during competitions.

Fauls Stretching Routine Produces Acute Gains in Throwing Shoulder Mobility in Collegiate Baseball Players

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Sauers ◽  
Anna August ◽  
Alison Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Passive Stretching ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Shoulder Complex ◽  
Posterior Shoulder Tightness

Context:Stretching prior to activity or as a rehabilitative intervention may promote increased throwing shoulder range of motion (ROM) in baseball pitchers.Objective:To evaluate the acute effects of Fauls modified passive stretching routine on throwing shoulder mobility in collegiate baseball players.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Thirty collegiate baseball players with unimpaired shoulders.Interventions:Fauls modified passive stretching routine was performed on the throwing shoulder of each subject.Outcome Measures:Shoulder complex and passive isolated glenohumeral internal and external rotation ROM were measured with a goniometer, and posterior shoulder tightness was assessed with the Tyler’s test method using a carpenter’s square. Measurements were made bilaterally.Results:The dominant shoulder displayed significant increases in glenohumeral and shoulder complex internal and external rotation ROM and significantly decreased posterior shoulder tightness following the stretching routine.Conclusion:Application of the Fauls modified passive shoulder stretching routine results in acute gains in throwing shoulder mobility of collegiate baseball players.

Infraspinatus Cross-Sectional Area and Shoulder Range of Motion Change Following Live-Game Baseball Pitching

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett S. Pexa ◽  
Eric D. Ryan ◽  
Elizabeth E. Hibberd ◽  
Elizabeth Teel ◽  
Terri Jo Rucinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Before And After

Context: Following a baseball pitching bout, changes can occur to glenohumeral range of motion that could be linked to injury. These effects are in part due to the posterior shoulder’s eccentric muscle activity, which can disrupt muscle contractile elements and lead to changes in muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), as measured by ultrasound. Objective: To assess changes in muscle CSA, and range of motion immediately before and after pitching, and days 1 to 5 following pitching. Design: Repeated measures. Setting: Satellite athletic training room. Patients: Ten elite college baseball pitchers participating in the fall season (age: 18.8 [1.2] y, height: 189.2 [7.3] cm, mass: 93.1 [15.3] kg, 8 starters, 2 long relievers). Intervention: A pitching bout of at least 25 pitches (63.82 [17.42] pitches). Main Outcome Measures: Dominant and nondominant infraspinatus CSA, as measured by ultrasound, and glenohumeral range of motion including internal rotation (IRROM), external rotation (ERROM), and total rotation range of motion (TROM) before pitching, after pitching, and days 1 to 5 following the pitching bout. Results: Dominant limb CSA significantly increased day 1 after pitching, and returned to baseline on day 2 (P < .001). Dominant and nondominant TROM did not change until day 5 (4.4°, P < .001) and day 3 (4.5°, P < .001), respectively, where they increased. Dominant IRROM was significantly decreased for 3 days (day 1: 1.9°, P < .001; day 2: 3.1°, P < .001; day 3: 0.3°, P < .001) following pitching and returned to baseline on day 4, with no such changes in the nondominant limb. Dominant external rotation significantly increased immediately post pitching (4.4°, P < .001) but returned to baseline by day 1. Conclusions: The results of the study demonstrate that infraspinatus CSA does not recover until 2 days following pitching, and IRROM does not recover until 4 days following pitching. Baseball pitching elicits damage to the posterior shoulder muscle architecture, resulting in changes to physical characteristics that last up to 4 days following pitching.

Effect of Posterior Capsule Tightness on Glenohumeral Translation in the Late-Cocking Phase of Pitching

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim M. Clabbers ◽  
John D. Kelly ◽  
Dov Bader ◽  
Matthew Eager ◽  
Carl Imhauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Humeral Head ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Head Position ◽  
Posterior Capsule ◽  
Nonsignificant Trend ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Head Translation

Context:Throwing injuries.Objective:To study the effects of posterior capsule tightness on humeral head position in late cocking simulation.Design:Eight fresh frozen shoulders were placed in position of “late cocking,” 90 degrees abduction, and 10 degrees adduction and maximal external rotation. 3D measurements of humeral head relationship to the glenoid were taken with an infrared motion sensor, both before and after suture plication of the posterior capsule. Plications of 20% posterior/inferior capsule and 20% entire posterior capsule were performed, followed by plications of 40% of the posterior/inferior capsule and 40% entire posterior capsule.Setting:Cadaver Lab.Intervention:Posterior capsular placation.Main Outcome Measures:Humeral head position.Results:40%, but not 20%, posterior/inferior and posterior plications demonstrated a trend to increased posterior-superior humeral head translation relative to controls.Conclusion:Surgically created posterior capsular tightness of the glenohumeral joint demonstrated a nonsignificant trend to increased posterior/superior humeral head translation in the late cocking position of throwing.

scholarly journals Neuromuscular shoulder activity during exercises with different combinations of stable and unstable weight mass

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Baritello ◽  
Mina Khajooei ◽  
Tilman Engel ◽  
Stephan Kopinski ◽  
Andrew Quarmby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neuromuscular Activity ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Flexion Extension

Abstract Background:Recent shoulder injury prevention programs have utilized resistance exercises combined with different forms of instability, with the goal of eliciting functional adaptations and thereby reducing the risk of injury. However, it is still unknown how an unstable weight mass (UWM) affects the muscular activity of the shoulder stabilizers. Aim of the study was to assess neuromuscular activity of dynamic shoulder stabilizers under four conditions of stable and UWM during three shoulder exercises. It was hypothesized that a combined condition of weight with UWM would elicit greater activation due to the increased stabilization demand. Methods:Sixteen participants (7 m/9 f) were included in this cross-sectional study and prepared with an EMG-setup for the: Mm. upper/lower trapezius (U.TA/L.TA), lateral deltoid (DE), latissimus dorsi (LD), serratus anterior (SA) and pectoralis major (PE). A maximal voluntary isometric contraction test (MVIC; 5 sec.) was performed on an isokinetic dynamometer. Next, internal/external rotation (In/Ex), abduction/adduction (Ab/Ad) and diagonal flexion/extension (F/E) exercises (5 reps.) were performed with four custom-made-pipes representing different training conditions. First, the empty-pipe (P; 0.5 kg) and then, randomly ordered, water-filled-pipe (PW; 1 kg), weight-pipe (PG; 4.5 kg) and weight + water-filled-pipe (PWG; 4.5 kg), while EMG was recorded. Raw root mean square values (RMS) were normalized to MVIC (%MVIC). Differences between conditions for RMS%MVIC, scapular stabilizer (SR : U.TA/L.TA; U.TA/SA) and contraction (CR : concentric/eccentric) ratios were analyzed (paired t-test; a = 0.05; Bonferroni adjusted a = 0.008). Results:PWG showed significantly greater muscle activity for all exercises and all muscles except for PE compared to P and PW. Condition PG elicited muscular activity comparable to PWG (p> 0.008) with significantly lower activation of L.TA and SA in the In/Ex rotation. The SR ratio was significantly higher in PWG compared to P and PW. No significant differences were found for the CR ratio in all exercises and for all muscles. Conclusion:Higher weight generated greater muscle activation whereas an UWM raised the neuromuscular activity, increasing the stabilization demands. Especially in the In/Ex rotation, an unstable weight mass increased the RMS%MVIC and SR ratio. This might improve training effects in shoulder prevention and rehabilitation programs.

scholarly journals Serratus Anterior Stretch: A Novel Intervention and Its Effect on the Shoulder Range of Motion

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Keramat Ullah Keramat ◽  
Mohammad Naveed Babar
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Scapular Dyskinesis ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Shoulder Dysfunction ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Movement Screening ◽  
Shoulder Range

Context: Serratus anterior tightness is associated with scapular dyskinesis and overall shoulder dysfunction, which affects the range of motion. The most effective intervention to stretch the serratus anterior is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a therapist-administered novel serratus anterior stretch (SAS) on shoulder range of motion. Method: This study recruited 30 healthy subjects of age 21.20 (1.69) years, height 1.65 (0.11) m, and weight 60.90 (10.36) kg in equal ratio of males and females who scored 1 or 2 on the shoulder mobility test of functional movement screening. A single intervention of a novel SAS was applied to the shoulder. Outcome variables before and after the SAS included the following: shoulder ROM (flexion, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation) and functional movements of reaching up behind the back and reaching down behind the neck. Results: A paired t test was used to analyze the data. Following the acute SAS intervention, all shoulder ROM improved significantly (P < .000). The change in internal rotation was 6.00° (7.47°), external rotation was 5.66° (9.35°), abduction was 13.50° (11.82°), flexion was 20° (13.33°), reaching up behind the back was 5.10 (2.21) cm, and reaching down behind the neck was 5.41 (2.89) cm. The most marked improvement was in reaching up behind the back (24.48%) and reaching down behind the neck (22.78%). A very large effect size (>1) was observed across most of the variables. Conclusion: An acute SAS intervention improves shoulder mobility in healthy individuals. It is recommended for the trial on the prevention and rehabilitation of shoulder pathologies with restriction in shoulder mobility.

Scapular Kinematics During Late Cocking of a Simulated Throwing Activity in Baseball Players With Shoulder Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study Using a 3D-to-2D Registration Technique

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Saka ◽  
Hiroki Yamauchi ◽  
Toru Yoshioka ◽  
Hidetoshi Hamada ◽  
Kazuyoshi Gamada
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
College Level ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Disorder ◽  
Scapular Kinematics ◽  
Contralateral Shoulder

Context:Abnormal scapular kinematics during throwing motion in baseball players with shoulder disorders has not yet been clarified, although altered scapular position has been suggested to be associated with shoulder disorder.Objective:To determine if the shoulders of baseball players with throwing disorders demonstrate abnormal scapular kinematics during the simulated arm-cocking phase of throwing activity.Design:Cross sectional study.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Eleven baseball players (age 21.1 ± 1.2 y) with a unilateral shoulder disorder volunteered to participate, including 9 players at the college level and 2 at the adult level. The mean playing experience was 12.1 ± 2.7 y.Main Outcome Measures:Scapular upward/downward rotation, anteroposterior tilting, and external/internal rotation during simulated arm-cocking motion were analyzed using a 3-to-2-dimensional registration technique.Results:Scapular external rotation in the throwing shoulder was significantly smaller by 2.0–6.0° than that of the contralateral shoulder. There were no detectable differences in scapular upward/downward rotation or anteroposterior tilting between the throwing and contralateral shoulders.Conclusions:Compared with that in the contralateral shoulder, scapular external rotation was smaller in the throwing shoulder, which would increase glenohumeral horizontal abduction during the arm-cocking phase and be related to the throwing-shoulder disorder.

scholarly journals Trends in gambling participation and gambling severity among Finnish men and women: cross-sectional population surveys in 2007, 2010 and 2015

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e022129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari Castrén ◽  
Maria Heiskanen ◽  
Anne H Salonen
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Population Surveys ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gambling Participation ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Gambling Severity ◽  
Risk Gambling

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate trends in past-year gambling participation and gambling severity among Finnish men and women from 2007 to 2015.DesignCross-sectional population surveys from years 2007, 2011 and 2015.SettingData were drawn from the population register and collected using computer-assisted telephone interviews.ParticipantsRepresentative random samples of Finns aged 15–74 were drawn in the study in 2007 (n=5008), 2011 (n=4484) and 2015 (n=4515) with response rates of 58%, 40% and 62%, respectively.Outcome measuresThe outcome measures were gambling versatility, type of games, gambling intensity and gambling severity. Significance (p) between time points was determined using χ2tests. All temporal comparisons between 2007–2011, 2011–2015 and 2007–2015 were performed separately for all respondents aged 15–74 and for women and men.ResultsGambling participation overall showed a rising trend (6.6 percentage points, 95% CI 4.9 to 8.3) from 2007 to 2015. In 2007–2011 women’s gambling participation increased more (7.8 percentage points, 95% CI 5.5 to 10.4) than men’s (5.4 percentage points, 95% CI 3.2 to 7.6). The most popular game types since 2007 have been lottery games, scratch cards and electronic gaming machines (EGMs). EGM gambling, on the other hand, has decreased since 2007. Online gambling has increased significantly from 2007 to 2015 in both genders. Men’s at-risk gambling decreased from 2007 to 2011, while women’s at-risk gambling and problem gambling increased from 2011 to 2015.ConclusionsWomen’s increasing gambling participation is causing gender differences in gambling behaviour to narrow. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for gender-specific interventions aimed at preventing gambling-related harm and ultimately at protecting the most vulnerable groups.

scholarly journals Adaptations of the Shoulder to Overhead Throwing in Youth Athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 726-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Michael Astolfi ◽  
Aaron H. Struminger ◽  
Todd D. Royer ◽  
Thomas W. Kaminski ◽  
Charles B. Swanik,
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Posterior Capsule ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Youth Baseball ◽  
Capsule Thickness ◽  
Overhead Throwing

Context The high number of repetitions and high forces associated with overhead throwing lead to anatomical adaptations, such as humeral retrotorsion and posterior-capsule thickness, in elite and professional baseball athletes. However, little is known about the origin and progression of these changes that may account for the increasing trend of chronic shoulder injuries in youth baseball and precipitate subsequent pathologic conditions throughout a young athlete's lifetime. Objective To investigate the relationship of age and upper extremity dominance on humeral retrotorsion, posterior-capsule thickness, and glenohumeral range of motion. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Research laboratory, local baseball fields, and training facilities. Patients or Other Participants Thirty-six boys (mean age = 10.94 ± 1.34 years, height = 151.31 ± 12.17 cm, mass = 42.51 ± 10.32 kg) ranging in age from 8 to 12 years and involved in organized youth baseball. Main Outcome Measure(s) Diagnostic ultrasound was used to determine humeral retrotorsion and posterior-capsule thickness. Glenohumeral internal rotation and external rotation were measured using a handheld inclinometer. We used 2 × 2 mixed-model analyses of variance to compare the influence of limb dominance and age on the dependent variables of humeral retrotorsion, posterior-capsule thickness, internal rotation, and external rotation. Results The dominant shoulders of youth throwers exhibited less glenohumeral internal rotation but greater humeral retrotorsion, posterior-capsule thickness, and glenohumeral external rotation than the nondominant shoulders. Dominant internal rotation was greater in the 8- to 10-year-old group than in the 11- to 12-year-old group, and results trended toward a difference (F1,33 = 4.12, P = .05). Correlations existed between humeral retrotorsion and range of motion (P &lt; .05). Conclusions The structural adaptations in the dominant shoulders of younger baseball players were similar to adaptations observed in older baseball athletes, indicating that more examination is needed in younger athletes. We are the first to demonstrate greater posterior-capsule thickness in the dominant shoulders of youth baseball athletes.

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