The Use of Imagery by Athletes during Injury Rehabilitation

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Sordoni ◽  
Craig Hall ◽  
Lorie Forwell
Keyword(s):  
Sport Medicine ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Athletic Injury ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Medicine Clinic ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Injured Athletes

Objectives:To determine whether athletes use motivational and cognitive imagery during injury rehabilitation and to develop an instrument for measuring imagery use.Design:A survey concerning imagery use during rehabilitation was administered to injured athletes.Setting:The Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic in London, Ontario, Canada.Participants:Injured athletes (N = 71) receiving physiotherapy.Main Outcome Measure:The Athletic Injury Imagery Questionnaire (AIIQ).Results:As hypothesized, 2 distinct factors emerged from the items on the AIIQ: motivational and cognitive imagery. Motivational imagery was used more often than cognitive imagery in this context, yet less frequently than in other sport situations (eg, training and competition).Conclusions:The study indicates that the AIIQ is a potentially useful tool through which physiotherapists and sport psychologists can examine athletes' use of imagery in injury rehabilitation.

Predictors of Recovery Time

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Quinn ◽  
Barry J. Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Type Design

Objective:To explore predictors of recovery time.Design:Repeated measures on 4 occasions throughout recovery included injury appraisal, demographics, emotional responses, and psychological variables.Participants:Elite injured athletes (N= 136).Main Outcome Measure:Recovery time.Results:At all phases, being a team athlete was a significant predictor of faster recovery. At partial recovery (approximately one-third of the recovery time), significant predictors were active coping, confidence of reaching full recovery in the estimated time, not completing rehabilitation, and having less social support. By semirecovery (approximately two-thirds of the recovery time), vigor and using denial significantly predicted quicker recovery. At recovery, having previously suffered a serious nonsporting injury or illness, vigor, more confidence, and intensity of effort significantly predicted faster recovery.Conclusions:This study has expanded on and refined the work in this area and will help increase understanding of the role that psychological variables play in decreasing recovery time, which has important implications for those implementing rehabilitation programs.

College Athletes’ Expectations About Injury Rehabilitation With an Athletic Trainer

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Hart ◽  
Damien Clement ◽  
Jordan Hamson-Utley ◽  
Monna Arvinen-Barrow ◽  
Cindra Kamphoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Athletic Trainer ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Main Outcome Measure

Context:Injured athletes begin the rehabilitation process with expectations about the nature of the working relationship with an athletic trainer. These expectations can infuence the effectiveness of the assistance provided.Objective:To determine whether male and female athletes differed in terms of expectations about injury rehabilitation services with an athletic trainer.Design:A questionnaire was administered to student athletes that assessed expectations about injury rehabilitation. Setting: Five colleges and universities.Patients or Other Participants:Questionnaire responses were provided by 679 student athletes (443 males and 236 females).Main Outcome Measure:Responses to the Expectations about Athletic Training questionnaire were used to assess factors identifed as Personal Commitment, Facilitative Conditions, Athletic Trainer Expertise, and Realism.Results:A statistically signifcant interaction between gender and prior experience was identifed. Male athletes with no prior experience had lower expectations for a facilitative environment. Female athletes with prior experience were less likely to have realistic expectations.Conclusions:Gender and prior experience infuence athletes’ expectations of injury rehabilitation with an athletic trainer.

Sleep Efficiency and Overreaching in Swimmers

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Wall ◽  
Carl G. Mattacola ◽  
C. Buz Swanik ◽  
Susan Levenstein
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Context:Overreaching can be beneficial, but there is a risk of overtraining.Objective:To investigate the difference in sleep efficiency between overreached and nonover-reached swimmers.Design:Repeated-measures, between-subjects. Swimmers were determined to be overreaching if 2 or more of their consecutive weekly swim times increased by 5% or more from baseline.Participants:9 competitive high school and university sprinter swimmers.Intervention:24-h wrist actigraph.Main Outcome Measure:Sleep efficiency as measured by the actigraph.Results:There was a significant difference in sleep efficiency on night 1 between the overreached and nonoverreached swimmers (P = .008), as well as in their times after averaging over all 5 trials and adjusting for baseline (P = .016). By the fourth swim trial, the overreached swimmers had significantly slower swim times than those of the nonoverreached swimmers (P = .001).Conclusions:Sleep efficiency shows potential as an objective, noninvasive predictor and monitor of overreaching in swimmers.

Quantifying Bilateral Joint Contributions during Three Variations of the Step Exercise

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Flanagan ◽  
Kara M. Kessans ◽  
George J. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Step Down

Context:Information regarding how the mechanical demand differs with variants of the step exercise may be used by clinicians to more appropriately prescribe lower-extremity exercise.Objective:To quantify the joint torque contributions of the lower extremity during three different step exercises: forward step-up (FS), lateral step-up (LS), and step-down (SD).Design:An experiment with a repeated measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:18 healthy subjects (9 men, 9 women, age 25.67 ± 4.23 years, height 1.73 ± 0.10 meters, mass 72.73 ± 10.67 kilograms).Intervention:Participants performed three sets of three repetitions of each exercise while instrumented for biomechanical analysis.Main Outcome Measure:Mechanical effort of the hip, knee, and ankle of both limbs during each exercise.Results:The greatest contribution from the hip was required during the FS, while the contribution from the knee was required during the SD. The greatest contribution from the ankle was required during the LS and SD.Conclusion:Choice of step exercise results in different distributions of mechanical demand across the lower extremities.

The RAMP System: A Template for the Progression of Athletic-Injury Rehabilitation

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-290
Author(s):  
David J. Ralston
Keyword(s):  
Return To Sport ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Athletic Injury ◽  
Successful Completion ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Plan ◽  
System A ◽  
Maximum Resolution ◽  
Rehabilitation Goal ◽  
Injured Athletes

The RAMP system of athletic-injury rehabilitation, its name an acronym representing its component phases, has its foundation in the frequentreassessment of the injury condition. The patient is progressed systematically through a sequence of rehabilitation goals: management of theacute responses to injury, restoration ofmobility, and successful completion ofperformance goals. The RAMP system designates the current highest-priority rehabilitation goal as the primary objective and any other goals as secondary. This ensures that the pursuit of 1 rehabilitation goal is not at the expense of another, more currently relevant goal. The RAMP system provides a systematic format to help less-experienced clinicians progress injured athletes through the phases of recovery from injury. Daily reassessment of an injury allows the rehabilitation plan to be current and appropriate. The goal-based progression of the system ensures maximum resolution of each rehabilitation objective, contributing to athletes’ optimal return to sport or activity

The Transtheoretical Model: An Exploratory Look at Its Applicability to Injury Rehabilitation

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Clement
Keyword(s):  
Stages Of Change ◽  
Transtheoretical Model ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Division I ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Type Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Injured Athletes

Context:The transtheoretical model has been widely used in the investigation of how people adapt to new behaviors; however, the literature appears to be lacking documentation of any assessment/s administered to injured athletes to determine their readiness for rehabilitation, which depending on the severity of the injury, could possibly represent a behavior change for that individual.Objective:To validate the application of the transtheoretical model to injury rehabilitation and assess the impact of stages of change on athletes’ adherence and compliance rates.Design:Descriptive correlational.Setting:Large Mid Atlantic Division I institution.Participants:Seventy injured athletes.Main Outcome Measures:Readiness was assessed using the Transtheoretical Model. Adherence was assessed using the percentage of rehabilitation attendance and compliance was assessed using the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Scale.Results:Participants who were advanced in their stages of change generally reported an increase in self efficacy, utilization of pros versus cons, and the use of behavioral processes instead of experiential processes of change. No significant relationships were found between stages of change and athletes’ adherence and compliance.Conclusion:Although no statistical significance was found between stages of change and adherence and compliance the results did validate the application of the transtheoretical model to injury rehabilitation.

Perceptions of Emotional Climate Among Injured Athletes

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Mankad ◽  
Sandy Gordon ◽  
Karen Wallman
Keyword(s):  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Athletic Injury ◽  
Emotional Trauma ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Emotional Climate ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Exploratory Approach ◽  
Team Environment ◽  
Injured Athletes

The present study adopted a qualitative, exploratory approach to describe the underlying emotional climate among injured athletes within team sport environments. Nine elite athletes undergoing long-term injury rehabilitation (LTIR) participated in semi-structured interviews to describe their LTIR experience. A general inductive analysis extracted three higher-order themes: (a) emotional trauma, (b) emotional climate, and (c) emotional acting. Athletes reported experiencing emotional trauma throughout LTIR. To maintain in-group norms, they described engaging in avoidance behaviors and reported suppressing negative affect for fear of negative evaluation. They also reported frequently controlling emotions in public using acting strategies. Athletes perceived these emotionally inhibitive behaviors as encouraged within their team environment. These results have important implications for the identification and treatment of emotionally destructive behaviors that could potentially delay an athlete’s psychological rehabilitation from athletic injury.

scholarly journals Role of Sport Medicine Professionals in Addressing Psychosocial Aspects of Sport-Injury Rehabilitation: Professional Athletes' Views

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 764-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monna Arvinen-Barrow ◽  
William V. Massey ◽  
Brian Hemmings
Keyword(s):  
Sport Medicine ◽  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Sport Injury ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Psychosocial Aspects ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Semistructured Interview ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Injured Athletes

Context: Research from the sport medicine professional's (SMP's) perspective indicates that SMPs are often required to address psychosocial aspects of injuries during treatment. However, only a few authors have investigated injured athletes' experiences with these concerns. Objective: To explore injured professional athletes' views on the role of SMPs in the psychosocial aspects of sport-injury rehabilitation. Design Qualitative study. Setting: Professional association football and rugby union clubs. Patients or Other Participants: Ten professional, male football (n = 4; 40%) and rugby union (n = 6; 60%) players (age = 22.4 ± 3.4 years). Data Collection and Analysis We collected data using a semistructured interview guide, and the data were then transcribed and analyzed following the interpretative phenomenological analysis guidelines. We peer reviewed and triangulated the established emergent themes to establish trustworthiness. Results: Athletes in our study viewed injuries as “part and parcel” of their sports. Despite normalizing sport injuries, athletes reported frequent feelings of frustration and self-doubt throughout the rehabilitation process. However, athletes' perceived the role of SMPs in injury rehabilitation as addressing physical concerns; any intervention aimed at psychosocial outcomes (eg, motivation, confidence) needed to be subtle and indirect. Conclusions: The SMPs working with injured athletes need to understand the psychosocial principles that underpin athletes' sport-injury processes and the effect psychosocial reactions can have on athletes. Moreover, SMPs must understand the self-regulatory processes that may take place throughout injury rehabilitation and be able to apply psychological principles in natural and subtle ways to aid athletes' self-regulatory abilities.

Isometric Hip-Rotator Torque Production at Varying Degrees of Hip Flexion

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Johnson ◽  
Mark Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Change Function ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Hip Rotation

Context:Hip torque production is associated with certain knee injuries. The hip rotators change function depending on hip angle.Objective:To compare hip-rotator torque production between 3 angles of hip flexion, limbs, and sexes.Design:Descriptive.Setting:University sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:15 men and 15 women, 19-39 y.Intervention:Three 6-s maximal isometric contractions of the hip external and internal rotators at 10°, 40°, and 90° of hip flexion on both legs.Main Outcome Measure:Average torque normalized to body mass.Results:Internal-rotation torque was greatest at 90° of hip flexion, followed by 40° of hip flexion and finally 10° of hip flexion. External-rotation torque was not different based on hip flexion. The nondominant leg’s external rotators were stronger than the dominant leg’s, but the reverse was true for internal rotators. Finally, the men had more overall rotator torque.Conclusions:Hip-rotation torque production varies between flexion angle, leg, and sex. Clinicians treating lower extremity problems need to be aware of these differences.

Construct Validity and Interrater Agreement of the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britton W. Brewer ◽  
Joshua B. Avondoglio ◽  
Allen E. Cornelius ◽  
Judy L. Van Raalte ◽  
John C. Brickner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Sport Injury ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Interrater Agreement ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Rehabilitation Adherence ◽  
Adherence Scale

Context:Adherence to clinic-based rehabilitation might influence outcomes.Objective:To examine the construct validity and interrater agreement of a measure of adherence to clinic-based rehabilitation.Design:Repeated-measures in both study 1 and study 2.Participants:43 student rehabilitation practitioners in study 1 and 12 patients undergoing rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in study 2.Interventions:Participants in study 1 rated the adherence of a simulated videotaped patient exhibiting high, moderate, and low adherence. Two certified athletic trainers rated the adherence of patients at 4 consecutive appointments in study 2.Main Outcome Measure:The Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale.Results:In study 1, adherence ratings increased in a linear fashion across the 3 levels of adherence, andrWG(J)and rater-agreement-index values ranging from .84 to .95 were obtained. In study 2, the rater-agreement index was .94.Conclusions:Strong support was found for the construct validity and interrater agreement of the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale.

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