Quantifying Bilateral Joint Contributions during Three Variations of the Step Exercise

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Flanagan ◽  
Kara M. Kessans ◽  
George J. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Step Down

Context:Information regarding how the mechanical demand differs with variants of the step exercise may be used by clinicians to more appropriately prescribe lower-extremity exercise.Objective:To quantify the joint torque contributions of the lower extremity during three different step exercises: forward step-up (FS), lateral step-up (LS), and step-down (SD).Design:An experiment with a repeated measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:18 healthy subjects (9 men, 9 women, age 25.67 ± 4.23 years, height 1.73 ± 0.10 meters, mass 72.73 ± 10.67 kilograms).Intervention:Participants performed three sets of three repetitions of each exercise while instrumented for biomechanical analysis.Main Outcome Measure:Mechanical effort of the hip, knee, and ankle of both limbs during each exercise.Results:The greatest contribution from the hip was required during the FS, while the contribution from the knee was required during the SD. The greatest contribution from the ankle was required during the LS and SD.Conclusion:Choice of step exercise results in different distributions of mechanical demand across the lower extremities.

Predictors of Recovery Time

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Quinn ◽  
Barry J. Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Type Design

Objective:To explore predictors of recovery time.Design:Repeated measures on 4 occasions throughout recovery included injury appraisal, demographics, emotional responses, and psychological variables.Participants:Elite injured athletes (N= 136).Main Outcome Measure:Recovery time.Results:At all phases, being a team athlete was a significant predictor of faster recovery. At partial recovery (approximately one-third of the recovery time), significant predictors were active coping, confidence of reaching full recovery in the estimated time, not completing rehabilitation, and having less social support. By semirecovery (approximately two-thirds of the recovery time), vigor and using denial significantly predicted quicker recovery. At recovery, having previously suffered a serious nonsporting injury or illness, vigor, more confidence, and intensity of effort significantly predicted faster recovery.Conclusions:This study has expanded on and refined the work in this area and will help increase understanding of the role that psychological variables play in decreasing recovery time, which has important implications for those implementing rehabilitation programs.

The Effects of Rigid Scapular Taping on Acromiohumeral Distance in Healthy Shoulders: An Observational Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alya H. Bdaiwi ◽  
Tanya Anne Mackenzie ◽  
Lee Herrington ◽  
Ian Horlsey ◽  
Ann Cools
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Impingement Syndrome ◽  
Subacromial Impingement Syndrome ◽  
Ultrasound Measurement ◽  
Subacromial Impingement ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Acromiohumeral Distance

Context:Compromise to the acromiohumeral distance (AHD) has been reported in subjects with subacromial impingement syndrome when compared with healthy subjects. In clinical practice, patients are taped with the intention of altering scapular position and influencing the AHD. However, research to determine the effects of taping on AHD is exiguous.Objectives:To evaluate the effect of ridged taping techniques to increase posterior scapular tilt and upward scapular rotation on the AHD.Design:1-group pretest/posttest repeated-measures design.Setting:Human performance laboratory.Participants:20 asymptomatic participants (10 male and 10 female) age 27 y (SD 8.0 y).Intervention:Ridged tapping of the scapula into posterior tilt and upward scapular rotation.Main Outcome Measure:Ultrasound measurement of the AHD.Results:AHD increased significantly after rigid tape application to the scapula (P < .003) in healthy shoulders in 60° of passive arm abduction.Conclusion:Taping techniques applied to the scapula had an immediate effect of increasing the AHD in healthy shoulders in 60° of passive arm abduction. Results suggest that taping for increasing posterior scapular tilt and increasing scapular upward rotation can influence the AHD and is a useful adjunct to rehabilitation in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.

Sleep Efficiency and Overreaching in Swimmers

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Wall ◽  
Carl G. Mattacola ◽  
C. Buz Swanik ◽  
Susan Levenstein
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Context:Overreaching can be beneficial, but there is a risk of overtraining.Objective:To investigate the difference in sleep efficiency between overreached and nonover-reached swimmers.Design:Repeated-measures, between-subjects. Swimmers were determined to be overreaching if 2 or more of their consecutive weekly swim times increased by 5% or more from baseline.Participants:9 competitive high school and university sprinter swimmers.Intervention:24-h wrist actigraph.Main Outcome Measure:Sleep efficiency as measured by the actigraph.Results:There was a significant difference in sleep efficiency on night 1 between the overreached and nonoverreached swimmers (P = .008), as well as in their times after averaging over all 5 trials and adjusting for baseline (P = .016). By the fourth swim trial, the overreached swimmers had significantly slower swim times than those of the nonoverreached swimmers (P = .001).Conclusions:Sleep efficiency shows potential as an objective, noninvasive predictor and monitor of overreaching in swimmers.

Hand-Held Dynamometry: Reliability of Lower Extremity Muscle Testing in Healthy, Physically Active, Young Adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent M. Kelln ◽  
Patrick O. McKeon ◽  
Lauren M. Gontkof ◽  
Jay Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Reliable Tool ◽  
Muscle Testing ◽  
Lower Extremity Muscle ◽  
Type Design

Context:Hand-held dynamometry (HHD) has been shown to be a reliable, objective way to obtain strength measurements in elderly and physically impaired subjects.Objective:To estimate the intratester, intertester, and intersession reliability of HHD testing of lower extremity movements in young, healthy subjects.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Sports medicine laboratory.Participants:Nine males and eleven females (Mean age = 26 years).Measurements:Strength measures of 11 right lower extremity movements were taken by 3 different testers on 2 separate days using a HHD.Results:Intratester ICC range was .77 to .97 with SEM range of .01 to .44 kg. Mean intertester ICC range was .65 to .87 with SEM range of .11 to 1.05 kg. Mean intersession ICC range was .62 to .92 with SEM range of .01 to .83 kg.Conclusions:HHD has the potential to be a reliable tool for strength measurements in healthy, strong subjects; however, there are noteworthy limitations with movements where subjects can overpower the testers.

Effectiveness of Clinical Ultrasound Parameters on Changing Intramuscular Temperature

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Demchak ◽  
Marcus B. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Small Change ◽  
Injury Research ◽  
Ultrasound Parameters

Context:Researchers have recommended certain ultrasound treatment parameters for deep heating; however, we observed different parameters in the clinical setting.Objective:To compare the treatment effect of using observed clinical parameters (OCP) from 8 clinicians to the treatment effect of using the recommended parameters (RP) sited in research.Design:2 × 2 repeated measures design.Setting:Sports injury research laboratory.Participants:Ten healthy volunteers.Interventions:Two 1 MHz treatment, 1 RP treatment (1.5 W/cm2, 10-min, area-2 to 3 × ERA), and 1 OCP treatment (1.3 W/cm2, 8-min, area 3.9 × ERA)Main Outcome Measure:Tricep surae temperature 3 cm below superficial tissueResults:The RP treatment increase temperature from 36.4 ± 1.0 to 40.3± 2.0°C, which was a greater change than the OCP (36.5 ± 1.2 to 38.2 ± 1.6°C).Conclusions:The OCP treatment resulted in a lower heating affect than the RP. Small change in treatment area, intensity, and duration can have a large effect on temperature change.

scholarly journals Can the Forward-Step-Down Test Be Used Reliably in the Clinical Setting to Assess Movement Changes Resulting from Maximal Exertion? A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin McCallister ◽  
Daniel Flowers
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Movement Quality ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Bruce Protocol ◽  
Step Down ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Small Change

Introduction: Visual assessment of lower extremity mechanics is used frequently in clinical practice, and objective scoring of the visual assessment is beneficial to improve objectivity of patient evaluation. In addition, lower extremity mechanics change with fatigue and these changes may increase the risk of lower extremity injury. The Forward-Step-Down Test (FSDT) is one such objective tool, but its ability to detect changes in movement quality in response to exertion are not known. Methods: This study utilized a repeated-measures design, where the participants were scored on the FSDT before performing the Bruce protocol for an exertion stimulus. The participants were re-scored on the FSDT at one, five, and ten minutes after completing the Bruce protocol. Results: Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed a significant change in FSDT score between baseline and five minutes post-exertion (a< .017). Friedman’s ANOVA was non-significant across all four assessments. In addition, despite testing healthy young adults, 50% of participants scored as “poor” movement quality on the initial test. This number increased to 75% at significant five-minute post-exertion mark. Discussion: Median scores on the FSDT were significantly different at five minutes post-exertion. However, this statistically significant change is of questionable clinical relevance because the median score changed by 0.5. This small change from 3.5 to 4.0 may not represent a change in overall movement quality from “moderate” to “poor.” Results do indicate that the participants in this study overall had poorer than expected movement quality throughout the testing. These results suggest larger data collection and analysis may be warranted for this population and the general population prior to partaking in exercise. Conclusion: The FSDT detects changes in lower extremity mechanics five minutes following a single exertion stimulus. Participants’ scores returned to baseline by ten minutes post-exertion. The FSDT may be a viable tool to assess changes in lower extremity movement quality following a single bout of exertion, and may help determine when participants have recovered back to baseline movement quality.

The Effects of Superficial Heating before 1-MHz Ultrasound on Tissue Temperature

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Chris Blank
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Independent Variable

Context:Ultrasound significantly raises tissue temperature, but the time of temperature elevation is short.Objective:To assess the effectiveness of superficial preheating on temperature elevation and decline when using ultrasound.Design:Within-subjects design to test the independent variable, treatment condition; repeated-measures ANOVAs to analyze the dependent variables, temperature elevation and decline.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Temperature at a depth of 3.75 cm was measured during ultrasound after superficial heating and with ultrasound alone.Subjects:10 healthy men.Main Outcome Measure:Temperature was recorded every 30 s during 15 min of ultrasound and for 15 min afterward.Results:Temperature elevation with ultrasound was significantly greater with preheating (4.0 ± 0.21 °C) than with ultrasound alone (3.0 ± 0.22 °C). Temperature decline was not significantly different between preheating and ultrasound alone.Conclusions:Superficial preheating significantly increases temperature elevation but has no effect on temperature decline during a 15-min cooling period.

A Comparison of Two Thera-Band Training Rehabilitation Protocols on Postural Control

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alecia Puls ◽  
Phillip Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Rehabilitation Protocols ◽  
Ankle Rehabilitation ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Context:Thera-Band™ (TB) exercises are commonly utilized in ankle rehabilitation, but previous studies have shown inconsistent results.Objective:To compare two TB protocols among healthy subjects in improving postural control.Design:Mixed model design.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:Thirty healthy subjects divided into a control (CON), three times/week (TB3) or five times/week (TB5) group.Intervention:Training groups completed TB quick-kick protocols for six weeks either three (TB3) or five times (TB5) per week.Main Outcome Measure:Center of pressure velocity in the anterior/posterior (COPVX) and medial/lateral (COPVY) directions.Results:There were no differences related to Group or Side. COPVX in the eyes open (EO) condition increased pre-post. COPVY decreased pre-post.Conclusion:The lack of differences between Groups and Side indicates these specific TB training protocols did not impact static postural control differently among healthy subjects.

Temporal Influences of Functional Knee Bracing on Torque Production of the Lower Extremity

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-227
Author(s):  
Brian Campbell ◽  
James Yaggie ◽  
Daniel Cipriani
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

Context:Functional knee braces (FKB) are used prophylactically and in rehabilitation to aide in the functional stability of the knee.Objective:To determine if alterations in select lower extremity moments persist throughout a one hour period in healthy individuals.Design:2X5 repeated measures design.Setting:Biomechanics Laboratory.Subjects:Twenty subjects (14 male and 6 female, mean age 26.5±7 yrs; height 172.4±13 cm; weight 78.6±9 kg), separated into braced (B) and no brace (NB) groups.Intervention:A one-hour exercise program divided into three 20 minute increments.Main Outcome Measures:Synchronized three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected at 20-minute increments to assess the effect of the FKB on select lower extremity moments and vertical ground reaction forces.Results:Increase in hip moment and a decrease in knee moment were noted immediately after brace application and appeared to persist throughout a one hour bout of exercise.Conclusions:The FKB and the exercise intervention caused decreases in knee joint moments and increases in hip joint moments.

Comparisons of Static and Dynamic Balance Following Training in Aquatic and Land Environments

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimee E. Roth ◽  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Marc Ricard ◽  
Donna Ritenour ◽  
Brenda L. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Post Test

Context:It has been theorized that aquatic balance training differs from land balance training.Objective:To compare the effects of balance training in aquatic and land environments.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory and pool.Participants:24 healthy subjects randomly assigned to aquatic (n = 8), land (n = 10), or control (n = 6) groups.Intervention:Four weeks of balance training.Main Outcome Measures:Balance was measured (pre, mid, post, follow-up). COP variables: radial area, y range, x range in single leg (SL), tandem (T), single leg foam (SLF), and tandem form (TF) stance.Results:A significant condition × time interaction for x range was found, with improvements for SL, SLF, and TF. Radial area improved, with post-test 1.01 ± .23 cm2and follow-up 1.06 ± .18 cm2significantly lower than pretest 1.18 ± .23 cm2. Y range significantly improved, with posttest (4.69 ± 1.02 cm2) lower than pretest (5.89 ± 1.26 cm2). The foam conditions (SLF & TF) were significantly different from non-foam conditions (SL & T) for all variables.Conclusions:Results of this study show that balance training can effectively be performed in both land and aquatic environments.

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