Children’s Perceptions of Teaching Behaviors: An Attributional Model for Explaining Teacher Expectancy Effects

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Martinek
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Teaching Behaviors ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Teacher Expectancy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Attributional Model

There is considerable variability among students in the way they are affected by their teachers’ expectations for their future performance. The present article describes a model from which this variability can be partially explained. The model basically describes a series of mediating events that include (a) students’ perceptions of their teachers’ behaviors directed to them, (b) the students’ interpretation of the perceived teaching behaviors, and (c) the effects of the students’ interpretation of the teachers’ actions on their performance and/or behavior. Special attention will focus on the types of attributions students make when explaining the social interactions that transpire between them and their teacher during instruction. It is hoped that this article will increase the clarity of the Pygmalion phenomenon and provide some guidelines for future research in this area.

Clinicians' Expectations and Their Impact on an Athlete's Compliance in Rehabilitation

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn C. Wilder
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Student Teacher ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Pygmalion Effect ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Student Teacher Relationship ◽  
Teacher Expectancy ◽  
Attributional Model

Researchers have explored instructors' expectations and found them to be matched by students' achievements, as the teachers' expectations became self-fulfilling prophecies. In this paper, the intuitive parallel is drawn between the student-teacher relationship and the athlete-clinician relationship. The purpose of the article is to examine the conceivable implications of a clinician's expectations and an athlete's compliance with a rehabilitation regimen. ThePygmalion effectmay have critical implications for clinicians in the rehabilitation setting. The expectation and compliance relationship is further explored through Martinek's attributional model of teacher expectancy effects, which has been adapted to fit the athlete-clinician relationship. A self-assessment checklist has been constructed to augment the clinician's awareness about the self-fulfilling prophecy and its likely ramifications. Information for clinicians about possible Pygmalion effects in the athletic training room and a framework for future research are presented.

scholarly journals The Social Origins of Human Prosociality

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audun Dahl ◽  
Celia A. Brownell
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
First Year ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Caregiver Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Second Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

From early in life, children help, comfort, and share with other people. Recent research has deepened scientific understanding of the development of prosociality—efforts to promote the welfare of others. In this article, we discuss two key insights about the emergence and early development of prosocial behavior, focusing on the development of helping. First, children’s motivations and capabilities for helping change in quality as well as quantity over the opening years of life. Specifically, helping begins in participatory activities without prosocial intent in the first year of life, becoming increasingly autonomous and motivated by prosocial intent over the second year. Second, helping emerges through bidirectional social interactions starting at birth: Caregivers and other individuals support the development of helping in a variety of ways, and young children play active roles that often influence caregiver behavior. The question now is not whether but how social interactions contribute to the development of prosocial behavior. Recent methodological and theoretical advances provide exciting avenues for future research on the social and emotional origins of human prosociality.

scholarly journals Creative Openings in the Social Interactions of Teaching

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald A. Beghetto
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
The Social

AbstractWhat role does creativity play in the social interactions of teaching? The purpose of this brief communication is to address this question by introducing the concept of creative openings. Creative openings refer to unexpected breaks in otherwise planned teaching interactions that result in new and meaningful insights, perspectives and understandings. The concept of creative openings builds on recent work that has endeavored to explore how creative thought and action can emerge in the socio-psychological and material interactions of practice. The article opens by briefly introducing creative openings, highlights three key moment (interactional ruptures, interactional responses and interactional outcomes) that researchers can use to examine the trajectory of creative openings. The article closes with a brief example that illustrates these key moments and how they might be represented diagrammatically. Directions for future research are also discussed.

scholarly journals Creativity: The Influence of Cultural, Social, and Work Contexts

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Erez ◽  
Rikki Nouri
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contextual Characteristic

The present article aims to answer the question of whether creativity is universal or culture-specific. We develop a conceptual framework that expands the existing knowledge in two ways. First, it distinguishes between the two dimensions of creativity – novelty and usefulness, and their relationship to culture. Second, it clarifies how the social context moderates the relationship between culture and creativity. We focus on the social context where cultural differences are likely to be more salient because of the presence of others, relative to the private work context where no one observes whether a person performs in a normative or a unique way. In addition, we propose that task structure, whether a task is tightly or loosely structured, is an important contextual characteristic that moderates the relationship between culture and creativity. Lastly, we offer several propositions to guide future research.

scholarly journals Music Technology as a Means for Fostering Young Children’s Social Interactions in an Inclusive Class

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Liza Lee ◽  
Hsiao-Yun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Music Technology ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Teaching Content ◽  
Positive Performance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Post Test

This research investigated how children aged five to six performed in social interactions and participation by learning American English through music technology activities in an inclusive class. The purposes of this research were to analyze, through music technology activities, the social interactions and participation of children in the inclusive class. Therefore, the research question was as follows: can music technology activities significantly improve children’s social interactions and participation in an inclusive class? There were two themes for the research teaching, each of which included seven weeks of instruction. The teaching content involved three stages, which were pre-test, implementation, and post-test. The research teaching was given 40 min per session twice a week and continued for 14 weeks with 28 teaching times. The methodology primarily consisted of a qualitative assessment of participation, observations, and interviews. In addition to collecting and analyzing qualitative data, quantitative data were also employed in the study. Data sources were semi-structured observation forms, anecdote records, language test scales and interview records, and feedback forms. The results indicated that all children had positive performance in social interactions and participating motivation, as supported by statistical results of social validity. Furthermore, the children’s cooperation and communication effectively improved through music technology activities. Nevertheless, the limitation of the study is the insufficient number of participants involved in the evaluation. For future research, utilizing more than 30 samples would be more appropriate and would supplement the social network analysis to carry out more in-depth investigations and discussions.

Communication Strategies for Increasing the Integration of Persons in Supported Employment

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Storey ◽  
Helen Ezell ◽  
Linda Lengyel
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Supported Employment ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Social Skills Instruction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Communication Interventions

Integration of workers with severe disabilities is a critical outcome of supported employment. However, in practice, integration has been difficult to achieve. Few intervention strategies have been empirically validated. This paper reviews data-based communication research designed to increase the social interactions of workers with disabilities in supported employment settings. The literature is divided into three areas for review (social skills instruction, problem solving, and nonverbal communication strategies). Nineteen articles are reviewed. Specific communication interventions for increasing integration are analyzed and evaluated with suggestions for best practice of instructional techniques. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

Conversations and Moral Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 481-499
Author(s):  
Allison DiBianca Fasoli
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Language Socialization ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Moral Concepts ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
The Life Course

In this chapter, the author integrates dominant approaches to moral development in order to outline the significance of conversations for moral development and socialization. Across socialization, narrative, constructivist, and language socialization approaches, research on conversations has advanced our understanding of the development of moral conscience, moral selves, moral concepts, and moral language practices, respectively. While the majority of these research endeavors has focused on social interactions, a move to the investigation of conversations promises to advance our understanding not only of the social bases of moral development, but also its social processes. The author concludes by suggesting avenues for future research that examine moral conversations across the life course, between various social partners, and in relation to cultural beliefs. Such research will help to reveal the unique affordances of conversations in the process of moral development.

Dominance and Prestige: A Tale of Two Hierarchies

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 526-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon K. Maner
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Leadership Strategies ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Strategic Behaviors ◽  
Current Article

Dominance and prestige represent evolved strategies used to navigate social hierarchies. Dominance is a strategy through which people gain and maintain social rank by using coercion, intimidation, and power. Prestige is a strategy through which people gain and maintain social rank by displaying valued knowledge and skills and earning respect. The current article synthesizes recent lines of research documenting differences between dominance- versus prestige-oriented individuals, including personality traits and emotions, strategic behaviors deployed in social interactions, leadership strategies, and physiological correlates of both behaviors. The article also reviews effects that dominance versus prestige have on the functioning and well-being of social groups. The article also presents opportunities for future research and discusses links between dominance and prestige and the social psychological literature on power and status.

An Alternative Relationship to Unemployment: Conceptualizing Unemployment Normalization

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Pignault ◽  
Claude Houssemand
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulation Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Negative Perceptions

Unemployment is widely described as a situation that engenders stress, malaise, and a loss of identity for those affected by it. Whereas the deleterious effects of unemployment are clear, people may also develop an alternative relationship to unemployment and hold other perceptions of this transition period. Some studies have indeed pointed toward a shift in the social work norm, whereas others have questioned the negative impact of unemployment on some individuals. Yet to date, few studies have directly focused on the process through which these other, less negative perceptions of unemployment may arise. The present article thus explores one possible experience that we have termed unemployment normalization. We conceptualize unemployment normalization as an emotional regulation process based on cognitive reappraisal. This article suggests some variables that may influence it and presents a roadmap for future research.

scholarly journals Analysis of social interactions and risk factors relevant to the spread of infectious diseases at hospitals and nursing homes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257684
Author(s):  
Frederik Boe Hüttel ◽  
Anne-Mette Iversen ◽  
Marco Bo Hansen ◽  
Bjarne Kjær Ersbøll ◽  
Svend Ellermann-Eriksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Using Data

Ensuring the safety of healthcare workers is vital to overcome the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We here present an analysis of the social interactions between the healthcare workers at hospitals and nursing homes. Using data from an automated hand hygiene system, we inferred social interactions between healthcare workers to identify transmission paths of infection in hospitals and nursing homes. A majority of social interactions occurred in medication rooms and kitchens emphasising that health-care workers should be especially aware of following the infection prevention guidelines in these places. Using epidemiology simulations of disease at the locations, we found no need to quarantine all healthcare workers at work with a contagious colleague. Only 14.1% and 24.2% of the health-care workers in the hospitals and nursing homes are potentially infected when we disregard hand sanitization and assume the disease is very infectious. Based on our simulations, we observe a 41% and 26% reduction in the number of infected healthcare workers at the hospital and nursing home, when we assume that hand sanitization reduces the spread by 20% from people to people and 99% from people to objects. The analysis and results presented here forms a basis for future research to explore the potential of a fully automated contact tracing systems.

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