Participation in Interscholastic and Intramural Sport Programs in Middle Schools: An Exploratory Investigation of Race and Gender

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Edwards ◽  
Jason N. Bocarro ◽  
Michael Kanters ◽  
Jonathan Casper
Keyword(s):  
Middle Schools ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Interscholastic Sports ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Intramural Sports ◽  
School Year ◽  
School Sport ◽  
Sport Programs ◽  
And Gender

Although school-sponsored extracurricular sport remains one of the most popular and effective ways to increase adolescents' physical activity levels, it is designed to include a small number of a school's elite athletes. Fewer schools offer intramural sports, and little is known about participation in these activities. The purpose of this study is to compare variations in how students participate in interscholastic and intramural school sport programs. Using a sample of seventh and eighth graders in two southeastern middle schools, results indicated that school sport participation levels were higher in intramurals than interscholastic sports for all studied categories of students except for White girls. In addition, students participating in intramural sports played nearly twice as many sports during the school year as students participating in interscholastic sports. Gender and race differences in school sport participation both confirm and contradict previous research and suggest that schools should consider cultural factors when planning sport programs for diverse populations of young people.

Entitlement’s Enablers: Parents and Teachers

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-106
Author(s):  
Kristin J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
White Students ◽  
Students Of Color ◽  
School Discipline ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
School Year ◽  
System P ◽  
Criminal Legal System ◽  
And Gender

This chapter explores the development of entitlement in individuals. What entities surrounding the newborn, the child, and young adult facilitate the sense of deservingness that some people have relative to others? This chapter begins with the role that parents play in producing a child with a social dominance orientation or authoritarian tendencies: two ideologies that are associated with entitlement. Parents’ ideas about race and gender are also significant in how their child will think about their place in the world. Globally, boys are the preferred gender, and this preference is due to the fact that in most cultures, men have more status and power than do women. Chapter 3 explores the gendered treatment of children by caregivers, beginning with parents’ attitudes toward their newborn daughters and sons. Adult heterosexual men tend to have a sense of domestic entitlement, meaning they feel justified doing less domestic labor than their spouse. This sense of entitlement begins with the toys and then chores parents assign to their daughters and sons. Chapter 3 next examines teachers’ role in facilitating entitlement. Teachers’ expectations and treatment of students unintentionally influences entitlement in boys relative to girls, and in White students relative to students of color. If teachers’ expectations (and biases) can have a measurable impact over the course of one school year, imagine the consequences over a student’s entire academic career. Being the normative racial category allows one to be given the benefit of the doubt when it comes to school discipline. Unlike students of color, for White kids, the school experience allows them to feel entitled to impartial or even preferential treatment by law enforcement and the criminal legal system.

Retrospective Evaluation of High School Sport Participation and Adult BMI Status, Physical Activity Levels, and Motivation to Exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Ball ◽  
Matthew Bice ◽  
Thomas Parry
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High School ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
School Sport ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
High School Sport ◽  
Individual Sports

Previous research reports that children who are physically active are more likely to be active adults. The primary purpose of this study was to retrospectively examine participants’ high school sport type and compare current adult Body Mass Index (BMI) status, physical activity (PA) level, and motivation to exercise. Adults who participated in individual sports reported to have a significantly higher number of individuals in the normal BMI category (F = 16.25, p < 0.05). Participants who competed in individual sports while in high school reported to partake in significantly more days of vigorous physical activity as an adult (F = 5.7, p < .05). The two exercise motivation constructs competence (r = .361, p < .01) and relatedness (r = .219, p < .01) were found to be the most prominently associated with overall physical activity levels between both individual and team sport participants. There were more days of vigorous PA and more individuals in the normal BMI category who participated in individual sports. The current study does not neglect the importance of team sports, but suggests that schools and communities should consider offering more individual sports/activities and emphasize the acquisition of individual skills associated with lifelong activities.

Revision Strategies Employed by Middle Level Students Using Computers

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane D. Steelman
Keyword(s):  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Instructional Program ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
School Year ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Middle Level Students

This article discusses an intervention study designed to implement and evaluate an instructional program for middle level students in writing with computers over approximately one school year. The study employed a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design with two experimental groups and one control group. Sixty-nine sixth grade students were randomly assigned by race and gender to the three groups. A researcher-designed protocol was used during posttest to determine differences in revision strategies. The types of revision strategies reported by the students in the experimental groups differed significantly from those in the control group. The present study indicates that it may be possible to expand the complexity of revision strategies applied by students through explicit teaching and the use of the computer.

Referral Patterns for Youths Identified at Risk for Suicide by Trained Gatekeepers

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Rodi ◽  
Lucas Godoy Garraza ◽  
Christine Walrath ◽  
Robert L. Stephens ◽  
D. Susanne Condron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Service Access ◽  
Referral Patterns ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
Prevention Behavior ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
And Gender ◽  
To Receive

Background: In order to better understand the posttraining suicide prevention behavior of gatekeeper trainees, the present article examines the referral and service receipt patterns among gatekeeper-identified youths. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from 26 Garrett Lee Smith grantees funded between October 2005 and October 2009 who submitted data about the number, characteristics, and service access of identified youths. Results: The demographic characteristics of identified youths are not related to referral type or receipt. Furthermore, referral setting does not seem to be predictive of the type of referral. Demographic as well as other (nonrisk) characteristics of the youths are not key variables in determining identification or service receipt. Limitations: These data are not necessarily representative of all youths identified by gatekeepers represented in the dataset. The prevalence of risk among all members of the communities from which these data are drawn is unknown. Furthermore, these data likely disproportionately represent gatekeepers associated with systems that effectively track gatekeepers and youths. Conclusions: Gatekeepers appear to be identifying youth across settings, and those youths are being referred for services without regard for race and gender or the settings in which they are identified. Furthermore, youths that may be at highest risk may be more likely to receive those services.

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