scholarly journals Hunting bats adjust their echolocation to receive weak prey echoes for clutter reduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. eabf1367
Author(s):  
Laura Stidsholt ◽  
Stefan Greif ◽  
Holger R. Goerlitz ◽  
Kristian Beedholm ◽  
Jamie Macaulay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Sensory Strategies ◽  
Update Rate ◽  
Background Clutter ◽  
Clutter Reduction ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Fast Acting ◽  
Motor Strategies ◽  
Extract Information

How animals extract information from their surroundings to guide motor patterns is central to their survival. Here, we use echo-recording tags to show how wild hunting bats adjust their sensory strategies to their prey and natural environment. When searching, bats maximize the chances of detecting small prey by using large sensory volumes. During prey pursuit, they trade spatial for temporal information by reducing sensory volumes while increasing update rate and redundancy of their sensory scenes. These adjustments lead to very weak prey echoes that bats protect from interference by segregating prey sensory streams from the background using a combination of fast-acting sensory and motor strategies. Counterintuitively, these weak sensory scenes allow bats to be efficient hunters close to background clutter broadening the niches available to hunt for insects.

scholarly journals NEGRO TOWER: DOCUMENTATION, CONSERVATION, AND RESTORATION

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. García-León ◽  
P. E. Collado Espejo ◽  
F. J. Jiménez González
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Digital Photogrammetry ◽  
Visual Contact ◽  
Historic Monument ◽  
The Social ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Reliable Basis

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Negro Tower or Arráez Tower, in El Algar (Cartagena, Spain), dates from 1585. This tower was part of an extensive network of watch and defense towers built along the coastline of Murcia between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It is an inland rural tower, in visual contact with the coastal towers. Its objective was to receive and transfer warnings from onshore towers to protect the population, especially farmers. The tower is protected as a monument but is currently in a dilapidated state of conservation. Therefore, this building has been chosen as the object of an integral study, which can serve as a reliable basis for its correct conservation and restoration. Through historical analysis, light has been shed upon the evolution of the Tower from the social, cultural, and architectural points of view. The graphic documentation has been made using digital photogrammetry and a 3D laser scanner, compatible with classical topography. Based on all this information, an integral project of consolidation and volumetric recomposition of the tower has been proposed. As a result of this research, we intend to contribute to the conservation and recovery of the heritage value of the Tower, as well as the integration of the historic monument in its natural environment.</p>

Random isn't real: How the patchy distribution of ecological rewards may generate “incentive hope”

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Symes ◽  
Thalia Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Distribution Of Resources

AbstractAnselme & Güntürkün generate exciting new insights by integrating two disparate fields to explain why uncertain rewards produce strong motivational effects. Their conclusions are developed in a framework that assumes a random distribution of resources, uncommon in the natural environment. We argue that, by considering a realistically clumped spatiotemporal distribution of resources, their conclusions will be stronger and more complete.

Extreme self-sacrifice beyond fusion: Moral expansiveness and the special case of allyship

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Crimston ◽  
Matthew J. Hornsey
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Biological Markers ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Relevant Dimension ◽  
Special Case

AbstractAs a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice, Whitehouse's article misses one relevant dimension: people's willingness to fight and die in support of entities not bound by biological markers or ancestral kinship (allyship). We discuss research on moral expansiveness, which highlights individuals’ capacity to self-sacrifice for targets that lie outside traditional in-group markers, including racial out-groups, animals, and the natural environment.

Coherent electron nanodiffraction from clean silver nano particles in a UHV STEM

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1058-1059
Author(s):  
J. Liu ◽  
M. Pan ◽  
G. E. Spinnler
Keyword(s):  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Shape Structure ◽  
Dynamical Simulations ◽  
Small Metal Particles ◽  
Extract Information

Small metal particles have peculiar chemical and physical properties as compared to bulk materials. They are especially important in catalysis since metal particles are common constituents of supported catalysts. The structural characterization of small particles is of primary importance for the understanding of structure-catalytic activity relationships. The shape and size of metal particles larger than approximately 5 nm in diameter can be determined by several imaging techniques. It is difficult, however, to deduce the shape of smaller metal particles. Coherent electron nanodiffraction (CEND) patterns from nano particles contain information about the particle size, shape, structure and defects etc. As part of an on-going program of STEM characterization of supported catalysts we report some preliminary results of CEND study of Ag nano particles, deposited in situ in a UHV STEM instrument, and compare the experimental results with full dynamical simulations in order to extract information about the shape of Ag nano particles.

The Contribution of Phonon-Scattered Electrons to High-Resolution Electron Micrographs of Crystals

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
H. Kohl
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Static Potential ◽  
Qualitative Comparison ◽  
The Past ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
High Resolution Electron Micrographs ◽  
Extract Information

High-Resolution Electron Microscopy is able to determine structures of crystals and interfaces with a spatial resolution of somewhat less than 2 Å. As the image is strongly dependent on instrumental parameters, notably the defocus and the spherical aberration, the interpretation of micrographs necessitates a comparison with calculated images. Whereas one has often been content with a qualitative comparison of theory with experiment in the past, one is currently striving for quantitative procedures to extract information from the images [1,2]. For the calculations one starts by assuming a static potential, thus neglecting inelastic scattering processes.We shall confine the discussion to periodic specimens. All electrons, which have only been elastically scattered, are confined to very few directions, the Bragg spots. In-elastically scattered electrons, however, can be found in any direction. Therefore the influence of inelastic processes on the elastically (= Bragg) scattered electrons can be described as an attenuation [3]. For the calculation of high-resolution images this procedure would be correct only if we had an imaging energy filter capable of removing all phonon-scattered electrons. This is not realizable in practice. We are therefore forced to include the contribution of the phonon-scattered electrons.

The Use of Real-Time Visual Displays of Speech in the Training of a Profoundly Deaf, Nonspeaking Child: A Case Report

1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Behavior Problem ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Individual Instruction ◽  
Academic Record ◽  
Extract Information

Real-time amplitude contour and spectral displays were used in teaching speech production skills to a profoundly deaf, nonspeaking boy. This child had a visual attention problem, a behavior problem, and a poor academic record. In individual instruction, he was first taught to produce features of speech, for example, friction, nasal, and stop, which are present in vocalizations of 6- to 9-month-old infants, and then to combine these features in syllables and words. He made progress in speech, although sign language and finger spelling were taught at the same time. Speech production skills were retained after instruction was terminated. The results suggest that deaf children are able to extract information about the features of speech from visual displays, and that a developmental sequence should be followed as far as possible in teaching speech production skills to them.

Minneapolis SLPs to Receive Salary Increase

ASHA Leader ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (19) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Annett
Keyword(s):  
Salary Increase ◽  
To Receive

Swallow Pattern Generator Reconfiguration of the Respiratory Neural Network

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Andrea Vovka ◽  
Paul W. Davenport ◽  
Karen Wheeler-Hegland ◽  
Kendall F. Morris ◽  
Christine M. Sapienza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Control Assembly ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow ◽  
Laryngeal Vestibule ◽  
Lower Airways ◽  
Swallow Apnea

Abstract When the nasal and oral passages converge and a bolus enters the pharynx, it is critical that breathing and swallow motor patterns become integrated to allow safe passage of the bolus through the pharynx. Breathing patterns must be reconfigured to inhibit inspiration, and upper airway muscle activity must be recruited and reconfigured to close the glottis and laryngeal vestibule, invert the epiglottis, and ultimately protect the lower airways. Failure to close and protect the glottal opening to the lower airways, or loss of the integration and coordination of swallow and breathing, increases the risk of penetration or aspiration. A neural swallow central pattern generator (CPG) controls the pharyngeal swallow phase and is located in the medulla. We propose that this swallow CPG is functionally organized in a holarchical behavioral control assembly (BCA) and is recruited with pharyngeal swallow. The swallow BCA holon reconfigures the respiratory CPG to produce the stereotypical swallow breathing pattern, consisting of swallow apnea during swallowing followed by prolongation of expiration following swallow. The timing of swallow apnea and the duration of expiration is a function of the presence of the bolus in the pharynx, size of the bolus, bolus consistency, breath cycle, ventilatory state and disease.

Older Men Less Likely to Receive Depression Tx

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
ROXANNA GUILFORD-BLAKE
Keyword(s):  
Older Men ◽  
To Receive
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document