scholarly journals Relationship of gender differences in preferences to economic development and gender equality

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 362 (6412) ◽  
pp. eaas9899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Falk ◽  
Johannes Hermle
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of

Preferences concerning time, risk, and social interactions systematically shape human behavior and contribute to differential economic and social outcomes between women and men. We present a global investigation of gender differences in six fundamental preferences. Our data consist of measures of willingness to take risks, patience, altruism, positive and negative reciprocity, and trust for 80,000 individuals in 76 representative country samples. Gender differences in preferences were positively related to economic development and gender equality. This finding suggests that greater availability of and gender-equal access to material and social resources favor the manifestation of gender-differentiated preferences across countries.

CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION GENDER EQUALITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 373-388
Author(s):  
Oksana Vinska ◽  
Volodymyr Tokar
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cohesion Policy ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
And Gender

Purpose – The article aims at discovering classes and clusters of EU member-states considering their levels of economic development and gender equality to foster the enhancement of EU cohesion policy. Research methodology – The methodology includes the grouping by two parameters, economic development and gender equality, and the cluster analysis, the “far neighbor principle”, agglomerative hierarchical classification algorithm and the usual Euclidean distance as the distance between objects. Findings – There are no gender equality laggards among EU member-states. More developed countries belong to gender equality leaders, while there are two gender equality leaders and one gender equality adopter among transition countries. The group of less developed countries consists of six gender equality leaders and seven gender equality adopters. Research limitations – The results of cluster analysis may be impacted by off-shore activity of Ireland and Luxembourg. Practical implications – The EU supranational bodies can use our results to develop more efficient cohesion policy tools to ensure the adherence to the principle of gender equality. Originality/Value – The study is a pioneer one in determining nine classes and five clusters of EU member-states considering their levels of economic development and gender equality, as well as in introducing three types of countries depending on their level of gender equality, namely gender equality leaders, adopters, and laggards.

scholarly journals Gender as Embedded Social Cognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Diekman ◽  
Toni Schmader
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The Self ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Gendered Expectations

We examine gender as a cultural construct enacted through social cognitive processes that are embedded within the self, social interactions, and societal institutions. The embeddedness perspective elaborates how the binary gender categorization can create quite real gendered outcomes and experiences even if gender differences are not biologically essential. These categories take on a reality outside of the mind of perceivers because the meanings attached to gender categories are shared by others in the culture, enacted in social interactions, internalized into self-views, and maintained by social systems. Societal institutions explicitly and implicitly organize around gender, producing gendered norms, roles, and expectations. These norms, roles, and expectations shape the nature of interpersonal interactions both within and across gender lines and an individual’s self-selected experiences. Critically, these social interactions and personal choices in turn create behavioral and cognitive confirmation of the gendered expectations of others. Gendered expectations and experiences become internalized into the self, including one’s own self-concept and gender identity. We close by examining implications of this perspective for gender differences and similarities in social cognition, as well as malleability and stability in gender cognitions and outcomes.

scholarly journals Gender Equality and Gender Difference in Team ­Coverage – Lessons From the Ice Hockey Rink

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Medical Professional ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
National Team ◽  
And Gender

Covering all female sports teams poses particular challenges. Since the Title IX established in the U.S. in 1972 ensuring that men and women have equitable participation opportunities, as well as access to scholarships in sport programs, and since UNESCO recognized sports and physical activity as a human right in 1978, the world and the global sports communities have come a long way in pursuing gender equality in sports. However, gender equality in sports does not mean that gender differences shouldn’t be researched or considered while developing training plans and programs, and in the prevention and treatment of disease and injury. Indeed, there is undeniably plenty of scientific evidence that sex and gender differences play a major role when it comes to disease risks and symptoms, injury patterns and frequency, and also in regards to response to treatments. The covering medical professional needs to appreciate these facts and include them into his decision making process. Based on experience as a team doctor for female athletes on the national team, I propose three levels that must be considered when addressing gender and sex differences in team coverage, namely 1) the psychosocial level, 2) the epidemiological level, and 3) the individual level concerning the female body.

ASSESSING FISHERY LEGISLATION FOR GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWERMENT IN FISHERY COMMUNITIES IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-190
Author(s):  
Ani Purwanti ◽  
Dyah Wijaningsih ◽  
Muh. Afif Mahfud ◽  
Fajar Ahmad Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender

The research objective was to analyze the problem of fisherwomen empowerment and gender equality based on legal reviews in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal studies. The results of the study found that there are discriminatory implications in Law Number 7 of 2016 concerning the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Farmers, and Salt Farmers or commonly referred to as the PEF Act (Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen) which is not in line with the empowerment of fisherwomen and is in conflict with gender equality. The findings make it clear that fisherwomen, unlike other economic actors in the fishing industry, are the most overlooked group rooted in socio-cultural prejudice. The PEF Act does not specifically recognize or even mandate any form of affirmative action for fisherwomen to gain equal access to protection and empowerment programs. This causes fisherwomen who have been culturally forcibly placed in households and away from the fishing industry. But instead, the PEF Act dwarfed the position of women as a mere secondary role in fishery households instead of the main breadwinner. Therefore, this study suggests that the government should make a strict amendment to the PEF Act. Namely recognizing gender equality in the role of fisherwomen and followed by reforming gender mainstreaming in the fisheries bureaucracy to accommodate fisherwomen's rights to access community empowerment programs for fishing communities.

scholarly journals Erratum

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 546-546
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Married Men ◽  
And Gender

Levav, I., Gilboa, S. & Ruiz, F. ‘Demoralization and gender differences in a kibbutz’ (Vol. 21, pp. 1019–1028). On page 1022, the first sentence of the Results section should read ‘The findings refer to (1) the extent to which the kibbutz succeeded in achieving gender equality; and (2) the test of the psychosocial hypotheses’. On page 1023 under the heading Marital status the second sentence should read ‘Additionally, married men (TV = 136) had the second lowest mean scores, 0–90’.

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