A Subterranean Excursion through the “Nördlinger Ries” Meteorite Crater’s Megablock Zone: The two water pipe galleries Ederheim – Nördlingen, Germany

Water pipe of 4.5” diameter and has been operated for 8 year having failure due to corrosion attack on its external and internal surface. It is conducted failure analysis to find out the cause of corrosion by having testing examination of visual fractography, metalography,, SEM EDAX, hardness and chemical composition. Testing and examination results show that the failure / corroded pipe has a for in of general corrosion on the external surface due to environment factor or ground factor arround the pipe and on the internal surface was influenced by excessive root weld creating protrude which then causing turbolens and deposite to accelerate corrosion attack.Pipa berdiameter 4.5” yang berfungsi mengalirkan air bersih dan telah beroperasi selama 8 tahun, terjadi kerusakan berbentuk korosi pada permukaan luar pipa dan permukaan dalam. Untuk itu dilakukan analisa kerusakan untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya korosi dengan pengujian dan pemeriksaan secara visual,Fractography, Metallography, SEM, EDAX, Uji Kekerasan dan Uji Komposisi Kimia. Hasil pemeriksaan dan pengujian pada pipa yang rusak / korosi berbentuk jenis general korosi pada permukaan luar pipa yang diakibatkan faktor lingkungan atau tanah disekitar pipa, sedangkan pada bagian dalam pipa dipengaruhi oleh adanya lelehan pengelasan yang kurang sempurna sehingga menimbulkan benjolan yang mengakibatkan aliran air didalam pipa tidak lancar sehingga terjadi turbolensi yang menimbulkan endapan dan mengakibatkan percepatan terjadinya korosi.Keywords: Pipe, environtment, turbolens, corrosion, failure

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Devices to prevent pollution by backflow of potable water. Pipe interrupter with atmospheric vent and moving element DN 10 to DN 20. Family D, t ype B

10.3403/30071808 ◽

2006 ◽

Keyword(s):

Potable Water ◽

Water Pipe

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Assessment of Lisbon drinking water distribution network biofilm colonization and associated hazards

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2008.103 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 421-426

Author(s):

J. Menaia ◽

M. Benoliel ◽

A. Lopes ◽

C. Neto ◽

E. Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

Storage Tanks ◽

Water Pipe ◽

Cultural Methods ◽

Drinking Water Distribution ◽

And Storage

Concerns arise from the possible occurrence of pathogens in drinking water pipe biofilms and storage tank sediments. In these studies, biofilm samples from pipes and sediments from storage tanks of the Lisbon drinking water distribution system were analyzed. Protein determinations and heterotrophic counts on pipe biofilm samples were used to assess the Lisbon network sessile colonization intensity and distribution. Indicator and pathogenic microorganisms were analyzed in pipe biofilm samples, as well as in storage tanks biofilm and sediments, by using cultural methods and PCR, to assess risks. Results have shown that the Lisbon network sessile colonization is relatively weak in intensity. In addition, no meaningful hazards were apparent for both the network biofilm and the storage tanks biofilm and sediments.

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Is maternal cigarette or water pipe use associated with stopping breastfeeding? Evidence from the Jordan population and family health surveys 2012 and 2017–18

International Breastfeeding Journal ◽

10.1186/s13006-021-00387-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Esra Can Özalp ◽

S. Songül Yalçın

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Maternal Smoking ◽

Health Surveys ◽

Family Health ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Water Pipe ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Lower Odds ◽

Lower Odds Ratio ◽

Pipe Tobacco

Abstract Background Maternal smoking is suspected to have negative impacts on breastfeeding, such as decreasing the quantity of breast milk, and reducing vitamin and fat concentrations in the milk in the late lactation period. Cigarette and water pipe tobacco products are widely used in Jordan. We aimed to estimate the association between use of different tobacco products and the rates of current breastfeeding. Methods Data from Jordan’s Population and Family Health Surveys 2012 and 2017–18 were examined. Last-born, living children, aged < 25 months, from singleton births, ever breastfed, and living with their mother were included. The key outcome variables were the current breastfeeding (during last 24 h) and tobacco usage status [water pipe tobacco (hookah or narghile) and/or cigarette tobacco]. Complex sample multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of the current breastfeeding with maternal smoking status. Results Overall, 6726 infants were included in the study. The current breastfeeding rate in infants aged 0–6 months was 87%, compared with 43.9% in infants aged 12–17 months and 19.4% in infants aged 18–24 months. Overall, 4.4% had mothers who smoked cigarettes, 5.4% smoked water pipe, and 1.6% both cigarettes and water pipe. The proportion of breastfed infants in non-smoking mothers was 57.7% and, those in smoke water pipe, cigarette and both tobacco products were 55.4, 44.9, and 51.0% respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that women cigarette smokers had a lower odds ratio (OR) for current breastfeeding (OR 0.60, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.39, 0.92). Multivariate analysis revealed that maternal cigarette smoking was associated with a lower odds ratio for current breastfeeding compared with mothers who smoked neither water pipe nor cigarettes (AOR 0.51, 95% Cl 0.30, 0.87). Conclusions These results indicate that maternal smoking is associated with termination of breastfeeding, suggesting that structured training should be organized for healthcare professionals, expectant mothers and the general public about the association between maternal smoking and cessation of lactation.

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Drivers and Determinants of Food Waste Generation in Restaurants Serving Mediterranean Mezze-Type Cuisine

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116358 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6358

Author(s):

Ali Chalak ◽

Hussein F. Hassan ◽

Pamela Aoun ◽

Mohamad G. Abiad

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Hospitality Industry ◽

Food Service ◽

High Price ◽

Waste Generation ◽

Water Pipe ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Middle Range ◽

Price Range

Food waste from the food service and hospitality industry is increasing, especially in Mezze serving restaurants, where a variety of dishes are usually served. To date, information on the factors affecting food waste generation in restaurants is scarce. This study aimed to identify the drivers and determinants of food waste generation while dining out at restaurants serving Mezze-type cuisine. According to the results from a convenience sample of 496 restaurant clientele, gender, age, and marital status did not affect food waste generation. Diners in both low and high price range restaurants waste above the grand mean compared to middle-range ones. Waste generation decreased significantly as the number of diners per table increased. However, ordering water-pipe, alcohol, or more dishes contributed significantly to food waste generation. As food waste is not the outcome of a single behavior, our study puts food waste generation drivers and determinants while dining out in perspective.

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Preventing and controlling water pipe smoking: a systematic review of management interventions

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10306-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Javad Babaie ◽

Ayat Ahmadi ◽

Gholamreza Abdollahi ◽

Leila Doshmangir

Keyword(s):

Data Extraction ◽

Water Pipe ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Analysis Process ◽

School Based ◽

Management Interventions ◽

School Based Interventions ◽

Global Arena ◽

And Control

Abstract Background Water pipe smoking (WPS) is re-gaining widespread use and popularity among various groups of people, especially adolescents. Despite different adverse health effects of WPS, many of the WPS interventions have failed to control this type of tobacco smoking. This study was conducted to identify experienced management interventions in preventing and controlling WPS worldwide. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted. Electronic databases were searched for recordes which were published from beginning 1990 to August 2018. Studies aiming at evaluating, at least, one intervention in preventing and controlling WPS were included in this review, followed by performing the quality assessment and data extraction of eligible studies by two independent investigators. Finally, interventions that were identified from the content analysis process were discussed and classified into relevant categories. Results After deleting duplications, 2228 out of 4343 retrieved records remained and 38 studies were selected as the main corpus of the present study. Then, the identified 27 interventions were grouped into four main categories including preventive (5, 18.51%) and control (8, 29.62%) interventions, as well as the enactment and implementation of legislations and policies for controlling WPS at national (7, 25.92%) and international (7, 25.92%) levels. Conclusion The current enforced legislations for preventing and controlling WPS are not supported by rigorous evidence. Informed school-based interventions, especially among adolescents can lead to promising results in preventing and controlling WPS and decreasing the effects of this important social and health crisis in the global arena.

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