scholarly journals 1,4-Azaindole, a Potential Drug Candidate for Treatment of Tuberculosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 5325-5331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monalisa Chatterji ◽  
Radha Shandil ◽  
M. R. Manjunatha ◽  
Suresh Solapure ◽  
Vasanthi Ramachandran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antitubercular Activity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Dose ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Infection Models

ABSTRACTNew therapeutic strategies against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR)Mycobacterium tuberculosisare urgently required to combat the global tuberculosis (TB) threat. Toward this end, we previously reported the identification of 1,4-azaindoles, a promising class of compounds with potent antitubercular activity through noncovalent inhibition of decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2′-epimerase (DprE1). Further, this series was optimized to improve its physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics in mice. Here, we describe the short-listing of a potential clinical candidate, compound 2, that has potent cellular activity, drug-like properties, efficacy in mouse and rat chronic TB infection models, and minimalin vitrosafety risks. We also demonstrate that the compounds, including compound 2, have no antagonistic activity with other anti-TB drugs. Moreover, compound 2 shows synergy with PA824 and TMC207in vitro, and the synergy effect is translatedin vivowith TMC207. The series is predicted to have a low clearance in humans, and the predicted human dose for compound 2 is ≤1 g/day. Altogether, our data suggest that a 1,4-azaindole (compound 2) is a promising candidate for the development of a novel anti-TB drug.

scholarly journals Optimized Background Regimen for Treatment of Active Tuberculosis with the Next-Generation Benzothiazinone Macozinone (PBTZ169)

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréanne Lupien ◽  
Anthony Vocat ◽  
Caroline Shi-Yan Foo ◽  
Emilyne Blattes ◽  
Jean-Yves Gillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Antitubercular Activity ◽  
Drug Regimen ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Treatment Regimens

ABSTRACT The efficacy of the standardized four-drug regimen (comprising isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is menaced by the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Intensive efforts have been made to develop new antibiotics or to repurpose old drugs, and several of these are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for their antitubercular activity. Among the new candidate drugs is macozinone (MCZ), the piperazine-containing benzothiazinone PBTZ169, which is currently being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials. Here, we determined the in vitro and in vivo activity of MCZ in combination with a range of anti-TB drugs in order to design a new regimen against active TB. Two-drug combinations with MCZ were tested against M. tuberculosis using checkerboard and CFU enumeration after drug exposure assays. MCZ was observed to have no interactions with all first- and second-line anti-TB drugs. At the MIC of each drug, MCZ with either bedaquiline (BDQ), clofazimine (CLO), delamanid (DMD), or sutezolid (STZ) reduced the bacterial burden by 2 logs compared to that achieved with the drugs alone, indicating synergism. MCZ also displayed synergism with clomiphene (CLM), a potential inhibitor of the undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UppS) in mycobacteria. For all the other drugs tested in combination with MCZ, no synergistic activity was observed. Neither antagonism nor increased cytotoxicity was found for most combinations, suggesting that MCZ could be added to different TB treatment regimens without any significant adverse effects.

scholarly journals UCT943, a Next-GenerationPlasmodium falciparumPI4K Inhibitor Preclinical Candidate for the Treatment of Malaria

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Brunschwig ◽  
Nina Lawrence ◽  
Dale Taylor ◽  
Efrem Abay ◽  
Mathew Njoroge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Clearance ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Radical Cure ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Parasite Life Cycle ◽  
Asexual Blood Stage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Dose

ABSTRACTThe 2-aminopyridine MMV048 was the first drug candidate inhibitingPlasmodiumphosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K), a novel drug target for malaria, to enter clinical development. In an effort to identify the next generation of PI4K inhibitors, the series was optimized to improve properties such as solubility and antiplasmodial potency across the parasite life cycle, leading to the 2-aminopyrazine UCT943. The compound displayed higher asexual blood stage, transmission-blocking, and liver stage activities than MMV048 and was more potent against resistantPlasmodium falciparumandPlasmodium vivaxclinical isolates. Excellentin vitroantiplasmodial activity translated into high efficacy inPlasmodium bergheiand humanizedP. falciparumNOD-scid IL-2Rγnullmouse models. The high passive permeability and high aqueous solubility of UCT943, combined with low to moderatein vivointrinsic clearance, resulted in sustained exposure and high bioavailability in preclinical species. In addition, the predicted human dose for a curative single administration using monkey and dog pharmacokinetics was low, ranging from 50 to 80 mg. As a next-generationPlasmodiumPI4K inhibitor, UCT943, based on the combined preclinical data, has the potential to form part of a single-exposure radical cure and prophylaxis (SERCaP) to treat, prevent, and block the transmission of malaria.

scholarly journals Genomic and Functional Analysis of Emerging Virulent and Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Lineage Sequence Type 648

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Schaufler ◽  
Torsten Semmler ◽  
Lothar H. Wieler ◽  
Darren J. Trott ◽  
Johann Pitout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Niche Adaptation ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT The pathogenic extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli lineage ST648 is increasingly reported from multiple origins. Our study of a large and global ST648 collection from various hosts (87 whole-genome sequences) combining core and accessory genomics with functional analyses and in vivo experiments suggests that ST648 is a nascent and generalist lineage, lacking clear phylogeographic and host association signals. By including large numbers of ST131 (n = 107) and ST10 (n = 96) strains for comparative genomics and phenotypic analysis, we demonstrate that the combination of multidrug resistance and high-level virulence are the hallmarks of ST648, similar to international high-risk clonal lineage ST131. Specifically, our in silico, in vitro, and in vivo results demonstrate that ST648 is well equipped with biofilm-associated features, while ST131 shows sophisticated signatures indicative of adaption to urinary tract infection, potentially conveying individual ecological niche adaptation. In addition, we used a recently developed NFDS (negative frequency-dependent selection) population model suggesting that ST648 will increase significantly in frequency as a cause of bacteremia within the next few years. Also, ESBL plasmids impacting biofilm formation aided in shaping and maintaining ST648 strains to successfully emerge worldwide across different ecologies. Our study contributes to understanding what factors drive the evolution and spread of emerging international high-risk clonal lineages.

scholarly journals JPC-2997, a New Aminomethylphenol with HighIn VitroandIn VivoAntimalarial Activities against Blood Stages of Plasmodium

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W. Birrell ◽  
Marina Chavchich ◽  
Arba L. Ager ◽  
Hong-Ming Shieh ◽  
Gavin D. Heffernan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Parasite Line ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Elimination Half

ABSTRACT4-(tert-Butyl)-2-((tert-butylamino)methyl)-6-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-phenol (JPC-2997) is a new aminomethylphenol compound that is highly activein vitroagainst the chloroquine-sensitive D6, the chloroquine-resistant W2, and the multidrug-resistant TM90-C2BPlasmodium falciparumlines, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 7 nM to 34 nM. JPC-2997 is >2,500 times less cytotoxic (IC50s > 35 μM) to human (HepG2 and HEK293) and rodent (BHK) cell lines than the D6 parasite line. In comparison to the chemically related WR-194,965, a drug that had advanced to clinical studies, JPC-2997 was 2-fold more activein vitroagainstP. falciparumlines and 3-fold less cytotoxic. The compound possesses potentin vivosuppression activity againstPlasmodium berghei, with a 50% effective dose (ED50) of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight/day following oral dosing in the Peters 4-day test. The radical curative dose of JPC-2997 was remarkably low, at a total dose of 24 mg/kg, using the modified Thompson test. JPC-2997 was effective in curing threeAotusmonkeys infected with a chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strain ofPlasmodium vivaxat a dose of 20 mg/kg daily for 3 days. At the doses administered, JPC-2997 appeared to be well tolerated in mice and monkeys. Preliminary studies of JPC-2997 in mice show linear pharmacokinetics over the range 2.5 to 40 mg/kg, a low clearance of 0.22 liters/h/kg, a volume of distribution of 15.6 liters/kg, and an elimination half-life of 49.8 h. The highin vivopotency data and lengthy elimination half-life of JPC-2997 suggest that it is worthy of further preclinical assessment as a partner drug.

scholarly journals Clavanin A Improves Outcome of Complications from Different Bacterial Infections

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1620-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osmar N. Silva ◽  
Isabel C. M. Fensterseifer ◽  
Elaine A. Rodrigues ◽  
Hortência H. S. Holanda ◽  
Natasha R. F. Novaes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wound Model ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

ABSTRACTThe rapid increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant infections today has led to enormous interest in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as suitable compounds for developing unusual antibiotics. In this study, clavanin A, an antimicrobial peptide previously isolated from the marine tunicateStyela clava, was selected as a purposeful molecule that could be used in controlling infection and further synthesized. Clavanin A wasin vitroevaluated againstStaphylococcus aureusandEscherichia colias well as toward L929 mouse fibroblasts and skin primary cells (SPCs). Moreover, this peptide was challenged here in anin vivowound and sepsis model, and the immune response was also analyzed. Despite displaying clearin vitroantimicrobial activity toward Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, clavanin A showed no cytotoxic activities against mammalian cells, and in acute toxicity tests, no adverse reaction was observed at any of the concentrations. Moreover, clavanin A significantly reduced theS. aureusCFU in an experimental wound model. This peptide also reduced the mortality of mice infected withE. coliandS. aureusby 80% compared with that of control animals (treated with phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]): these data suggest that clavanin A prevents the start of sepsis and thereby reduces mortality. These data suggest that clavanin A is an AMP that could improve the development of novel peptide-based strategies for the treatment of wound and sepsis infections.

scholarly journals Mode of Action of Clofazimine and Combination Therapy with Benzothiazinones against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 4457-4463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit Lechartier ◽  
Stewart T. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Transfer Chain

ABSTRACTClofazimine (CZM) is an antileprosy drug that was recently repurposed for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. InMycobacterium tuberculosis, CZM appears to act as a prodrug, which is reduced by NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2), to release reactive oxygen species upon reoxidation by O2. CZM presumably competes with menaquinone (MK-4), a key cofactor in the mycobacterial electron transfer chain, for its reduction by NDH-2. We studied the effect of MK-4 supplementation on the activity of CZM againstM. tuberculosisand found direct competition between CZM and MK-4 for the cidal effect of CZM, against nonreplicating and actively growing bacteria, as MK-4 supplementation blocked the drug's activity against nonreplicating bacteria. We demonstrated that CZM, like bedaquiline, is synergisticin vitrowith benzothiazinones such as 2-piperazino-benzothiazinone 169 (PBTZ169), and this synergy also occurs against nonreplicating bacteria. The synergy between CZM and PBTZ169 was lost in an MK-4-rich medium, indicating that MK-4 is the probable link between their activities. The efficacy of the dual combination of CZM and PBTZ169 was testedin vivo, where a great reduction in bacterial load was obtained in a murine model of chronic tuberculosis. Taken together, these data confirm the potential of CZM in association with PBTZ169 as the basis for a new regimen against drug-resistant strains ofM. tuberculosis.

scholarly journals In VitroActivity of AZD5847 against Geographically Diverse Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 4222-4223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Werngren ◽  
Maria Wijkander ◽  
Nasrin Perskvist ◽  
V. Balasubramanian ◽  
Vasan K. Sambandamurthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Lung Biopsies

ABSTRACTThe MIC of the novel antituberculosis (anti-TB) drug AZD5847 was determined against 146 clinical isolates from diverse geographical regions, including eastern Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia, using the automated Bactec Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) 960 system. These isolates originated from specimen sources such as sputum, bronchial alveolar lavage fluid, pleural fluid, abscess material, lung biopsies, and feces. The overall MIC90was 1.0 mg/liter (range, 0.125 to 4 mg/liter). The MICs of AZD5847 for isolates ofMycobacterium tuberculosiswere similar among drug-sensitive strains, multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains. The goodin vitroactivity of AZD5847 againstM. tuberculosisand the lack of cross-resistance make this agent a promising anti-TB drug candidate.

scholarly journals Sontochin as a Guide to the Development of Drugs against Chloroquine-Resistant Malaria

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 3475-3480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sovitj Pou ◽  
Rolf W. Winter ◽  
Aaron Nilsen ◽  
Jane Xu Kelly ◽  
Yuexin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Plasmodium Yoelii ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Derivatives Of

ABSTRACTSontochin was the original chloroquine replacement drug, arising from research by Hans Andersag 2 years after chloroquine (known as “resochin” at the time) had been shelved due to the mistaken perception that it was too toxic for human use. We were surprised to find that sontochin, i.e., 3-methyl-chloroquine, retains significant activity against chloroquine-resistant strains ofPlasmodium falciparum in vitro. We prepared derivatives of sontochin, “pharmachins,” with alkyl or aryl substituents at the 3 position and with alterations to the 4-position side chain to enhance activity against drug-resistant strains. Modified with an aryl substituent in the 3 position of the 7-chloro-quinoline ring, Pharmachin 203 (PH-203) exhibits low-nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant strains andin vivoefficacy against patent infections ofPlasmodium yoeliiin mice that is superior to chloroquine. Our findings suggest that novel 3-position aryl pharmachin derivatives have the potential for use in treating drug resistant malaria.

scholarly journals In VitroandIn VivoActivities of the Nitroimidazole TBA-354 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Upton ◽  
S. Cho ◽  
T. J. Yang ◽  
Y. Kim ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis

ABSTRACTNitroimidazoles are a promising new class of antitubercular agents. The nitroimidazo-oxazole delamanid (OPC-67683, Deltyba) is in phase III trials for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, while the nitroimidazo-oxazine PA-824 is entering phase III for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis. TBA-354 (SN31354[(S)-2-nitro-6-((6-(4-trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridine-3-yl)methoxy)-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine]) is a pyridine-containing biaryl compound with exceptional efficacy against chronic murine tuberculosis and favorable bioavailability in preliminary rodent studies. It was selected as a potential next-generation antituberculosis nitroimidazole following an extensive medicinal chemistry effort. Here, we further evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and activity of TBA-354 againstMycobacterium tuberculosis. TBA-354 is narrow spectrum and bactericidalin vitroagainst replicating and nonreplicatingMycobacterium tuberculosis, with potency similar to that of delamanid and greater than that of PA-824. The addition of serum protein or albumin does not significantly alter this activity. TBA-354 maintains activity againstMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv isogenic monoresistant strains and clinical drug-sensitive and drug-resistant isolates. Spontaneous resistant mutants appear at a frequency of 3 × 10−7.In vitrostudies andin vivostudies in mice confirm that TBA-354 has high bioavailability and a long elimination half-life.In vitrostudies suggest a low risk of drug-drug interactions. Low-dose aerosol infection models of acute and chronic murine tuberculosis reveal time- and dose-dependentin vivobactericidal activity that is at least as potent as that of delamanid and more potent than that of PA-824. Its superior potency and pharmacokinetic profile that predicts suitability for once-daily oral dosing suggest that TBA-354 be studied further for its potential as a next-generation nitroimidazole.

scholarly journals Synergistic Efficacy of Aedes aegypti Antimicrobial Peptide Cecropin A2 and Tetracycline against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaojun Zheng ◽  
Nagendran Tharmalingam ◽  
Qingzhong Liu ◽  
Elamparithi Jayamani ◽  
Wooseong Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has created an urgent need for alternative drugs with new mechanisms of action. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates that could address the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria, either alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics. We studied the antimicrobial efficacy and bactericidal mechanism of cecropin A2, a 36-residue α-helical cationic peptide derived from Aedes aegypti cecropin A, focusing on the common pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The peptide showed little hemolytic activity and toxicity toward mammalian cells, and the MICs against most clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were 32 to 64 μg/ml, and its MICs versus other Gram-negative bacteria were 2 to 32 μg/ml. Importantly, cecropin A2 demonstrated synergistic activity against P. aeruginosa when combined with tetracycline, reducing the MICs of both agents by 8-fold. The combination was also effective in vivo in the P. aeruginosa/Galleria mellonella model (P < 0.001). We found that cecropin A2 bound to P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides, permeabilized the membrane, and interacted with the bacterial genomic DNA, thus facilitating the translocation of tetracycline into the cytoplasm. In summary, the combination of cecropin A2 and tetracycline demonstrated synergistic antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo, offering an alternative approach for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections.

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