scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Isepamicin during Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2409-2411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Breilh ◽  
Bernard Allaouchiche ◽  
Hélène Jaumain ◽  
Paul Boulétreau ◽  
Dominique Chassard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Initial Dosage ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration ◽  
Concentration Peak ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the pharmacokinetics of isepamicin during continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Six patients received 15 mg of isepamicin per kg of body weight. The mean isepamicin concentration peak in serum was 62.88 ± 18.20 mg/liter 0.5 h after the infusion. The elimination half-life was 7.91 ± 0.83 h. The mean total body clearance was 1.75 ± 0.28 liters/h, and dialysate outlet (DO) clearance was 2.76 ± 0.59 liters/h. The mean volume of distribution was 19.83 ± 2.95 liters. The elimination half-life, DO clearance, and volume of distribution were almost constant. In this group of patients, the initial dosage of 15 mg/kg appeared to be adequate, but the dosage interval should be determined by monitoring residual isepamicin concentrations in plasma.

Dose-Ranging Pharmacokinetic Study of Ciprofloxacin after 200-, 300-, and 400-mg Intravenous Doses

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Nix ◽  
J. Michael Spivey ◽  
Allyn Norman ◽  
Jerome J. Schentag
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Venous Irritation ◽  
Body Clearance

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pharmacokinetics and tolerance of ciprofloxacin after the administration of single intravenous doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg. DESIGN: Double-blind, three-period, randomized, crossover trial. SETTING: Private, university-affiliated, hospital-based, clinical research center. PATIENTS: Normal healthy male volunteers, 18–40 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects received 200-, 300-, and 400-mg single intravenous doses of ciprofloxacin via 30-minute infusions in random sequence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum ciprofloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC after each dose and the results were used to derive pharmacokinetic parameters. Tolerance was assessed by reported and observed adverse events, urine microscopic examinations for crystals, and examination of intravenous infusion sites. RESULTS: The mean area under the time curve (AUC) values displayed linearity with respect to the administered dose. No statistical differences were observed in total body clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, or elimination half-life with respect to dose administered. The mean total body clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, or elimination half-life ranged from 36 to 41 L/h, 146 to 169 L, and 3.5 to 3.7 h for the 200-, 300-, and 400-mg doses, respectively. Adverse effects, including venous irritation (four subjects) and crystalluria (two subjects), were mild and did not require withdrawal of any subject from the study. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous ciprofloxacin in doses ranging from 200 to 400 mg demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics. These single doses were well tolerated, although cases of transient venous irritation and crystalluria were observed.

scholarly journals Disposition Kinetic of Moxifloxacin following Intravenous, Intramuscular, and Subcutaneous Administration in Goats

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Harshad B. Patel ◽  
Shailesh K. Mody ◽  
Hitesh B. Patel ◽  
Vipul A. Patel ◽  
Urvesh D. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

The present study was carried out to investigate disposition kinetics of moxifloxacin following single-dose intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight (b.wt.) in goats. Plasma samples collected after treatments were analyzed for drug concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After i.v. administration, distribution of the drug was rapid and wide as reflected by high steady-state volume of distribution. Drug elimination was relatively faster with a total body clearance of 0.59±0.03 L/h/kg. Following i.m. injection, the drug has shown the rapid and near-to-complete absorption with bioavailability of 98.20±3.96 per cent. The maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) of 1.21±0.04 μg/mL was attained at 1 h (Tmax). The drug was widely distributed as reflected by high apparent volume of distribution. The elimination half-life (t1/2β) of the drug was 6.26±0.08  h. Following s.c. administration, the drug was rapidly absorbed (Cmax: 1.16±0.02 μg/mL; tmax: 1 h) and slowly eliminated from the body. The elimination half-life and total body clearance (ClB) were 5.61±0.10 h and 0.60±0.03 L/h/kg, respectively. The bioavailability of moxifloxacin following s.c. administration was 90.44±3.96 per cent.

scholarly journals Disposition of intravenous metronidazole in Asian surgical patients.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 2248-2251 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Y Ti ◽  
H S Lee ◽  
Y M Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

Steady-state peak and trough concentrations of metronidazole and its metabolites were measured in the sera of 54 surgical patients who were on intravenous metronidazole, 500 mg every 8 h. These patients had no significant renal or hepatic impairment. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine the concentrations of metronidazole and its metabolites. The mean peak and trough metronidazole concentrations were 28.9 +/- 11.0 and 18.0 +/- 9.9 micrograms/ml, respectively. The acid metabolite was not detectable in all the blood specimens. The mean peak concentration of the hydroxy metabolite (MH) was 6.6 +/- 4.3 micrograms/ml, the mean trough concentration of MH was 6.2 +/- 4.2 micrograms/ml, and the MH concentration/metronidazole concentration ratio was 0.4 +/- 0.24. Using a population-based method for the pharmacokinetic analysis and stepwise regression between parameters and covariables (sex, age, and weight), we found that weight showed the highest correlation with the total body clearance (CL). The mean CL was 0.89 +/- 0.3 ml min-1 kg-1 (3.029 liters/h), the mean volume of distribution was 0.73 +/- 0.14 liter/kg, and the mean elimination half-life was 10.6 +/- 4.5 h. For the patients in our study, the CL was lower and the elimination half-life was longer compared with those for healthy volunteers, but the values of these parameters were comparable to those found for hospitalized patients. There was an inverse correlation between age and CL.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of cefepime during continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 2424-2427 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Allaouchiche ◽  
D Breilh ◽  
H Jaumain ◽  
B Gaillard ◽  
S Renard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Half Life ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Usual Dosage

The objective of this study was to analyze the pharmacokinetics of cefepime, in six patients with acute renal failure related to septic shock, during continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHD) (Hemospal AN 69S hemofilter; Hospal, Lyon, France). Six patients, mean age 65 +/- 4 years (range, 61 to 69), were included and each received 2 g of cefepime by intravenous infusion over a 30-min period every 12 h. Prefilter serum, dialysate outlet (DO), and ultrafiltrate samples were collected 0.47, 0.50, 0.57, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 12 h after the beginning of infusion. The time design of samples was optimized in accordance with the theory of D optimality. The cefepime concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetics computation was carried out using P-PHARM software. Mean serum concentration peaks were 53 +/- 21.9 mg/liter (range, 13.0 to 68.9) one-half hour after the infusion. The mean elimination half-life was 8.11 +/- 2.22 h (range, 4.76 to 10.84). DO clearance was 66.57 +/- 30.14 ml/min (range, 38.66 to 119.87). The mean volume of distribution was 0.71 +/- 0.37 liters/kg of body weight. CVVHD was effective for cefepime elimination. In these subjects, the elimination half-life and DO clearance were almost constant. The results of this study suggested that a 2-g twice-daily infusion (usual dosage) was required for an effective concentration in this group of patients.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Piperacillin Administration in Patients Undergoing On-Line Hemodiafiltration

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 3266-3268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kook-Hwan Oh ◽  
Chiweon Kim ◽  
Hankyu Lee ◽  
Hajeong Lee ◽  
Ji Yong Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

ABSTRACT The pharmacokinetic characteristics of piperacillin sodium were studied in five volunteers undergoing on-line hemodiafiltration (HDF). The subjects were given 2 g of piperacillin sodium intravenously over 1 min and placed on on-line HDF for 4 h starting at 60 min after the piperacillin infusion. Noncompartmental models were employed for estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters, and intradialytic piperacillin clearance was calculated by the recovery method. The mean volume of distribution and the elimination half-life were 0.27 ± 0.13 liter/kg (mean ± standard deviation) and 1.1 ± 0.6 h, respectively. The total body clearance of piperacillin was 0.19 ± 0.08 liter/h/kg. Piperacillin clearance through on-line HDF was 0.11 ± 0.06 liter/h/kg. The mean serum piperacillin concentration was 4.0 ± 1.9 μg/ml at the end of the 4-h on-line HDF session. The concentration of infused piperacillin recovered in the dialysate was 527 ± 236 mg (26.3% ± 11.8%). We suggest the replacement of 500 mg of piperacillin after each on-line HDF session.

scholarly journals Propofol

2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1132-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. White ◽  
David S. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Major Surgery ◽  
Anesthetic Technique ◽  
General Anesthetic ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Total Body

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol infusions during general anesthesia. By Audrey Shafer, Van A. Doze, Steven L. Shafer, and Paul F. White. Anesthesiology 1988; 69:348-56. Reprinted with permission.The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of propofol (Diprivan) were studied in 50 elective surgical patients. Propofol was administered as a bolus dose, 2 mg/kg iv, followed by a variable-rate infusion, 0-20 mg/min, and intermittent supplemental boluses, 10-20 mg iv, as part of a general anesthetic technique that included nitrous oxide, meperidine, and muscle relaxants. For a majority of the patients (n = 30), the pharmacokinetics of propofol were best described by a two-compartment model. The propofol mean total body clearance rate was 2.09 +/- 0.65 l/min (mean +/- SD), the volume of distribution at steady state was 159 +/- 57 l, and the elimination half-life was 116 +/- 34 min. Elderly patients (patients older than 60 yr vs. those younger than 60 yr) had significantly decreased clearance rates (1.58 +/- 0.42 vs. 2.19 +/- 0.64 l/min), whereas women (vs. men) had greater clearance rates (33 +/- 8 vs. 26 +/- 7 ml x kg x min ) and volumes of distribution (2.50 +/- 0.81 vs. 2.05 +/- 0.65 l/kg). Patients undergoing major (intraabdominal) surgery had longer elimination half-life values (136 +/- 40 vs. 108 +/- 29 min). Patients required an average blood propofol concentration of 4.05 +/- 1.01 micrograms/ml for major surgery and 2.97 +/- 1.07 micrograms/ml for nonmajor surgery. Blood propofol concentrations at which 50% of patients (EC50) were awake and oriented after surgery were 1.07 and 0.95 microgram/ml, respectively. Psychomotor performance returned to baseline at blood propofol concentrations of 0.38-0.43 microgram/ml (EC50). This clinical study demonstrates the feasibility of performing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses when complex infusion and bolus regimens are used for administering iv anesthetics.

Single -Dose Pefloxacin Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Nikolaidis ◽  
Scott E. Walker ◽  
Nicholas Dombros ◽  
Achilleas Tourkantonis ◽  
Tom W. Paton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

Seven adult patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) received one dose of pefloxacin, a novel quinolone antibiotic, orally and intravenously on two separate occasions to characterize the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the drug. Concentrations of both pefloxacin and its active metabolite N-desmethylpefloxacin (norfloxacin) were measured in serum and dialysate by HPLC. Half-life, total body clearance and peritoneal clearance were determined. The overall elimination half-life was 19.9h. Relative to the IV dose the bioavailability following oral administration of pefloxacin was 76%. The mean serum and dialysate concentrations were similar up to 24 h after the oral or IV dose. After a 6 h dwell time the dialysate concentration of pefloxacin was 2.24 mg/L which is above the MICgo for most bacteria responsible for peritonitis in CAPD patients. The peritoneal clearance of pefloxacin averaged 2.5 mL/min. Serum concentrations of the metabolite norfloxacin were less than 0.5 mg/L during the 24 h study period. We conclude that pefloxacin might be equally effective in the treatment of peritonitis of CAPD after oral or IV administration. Since the peritoneal clearance contributes insignificantly to the elimination of pefloxacin during CAPD, the proposed maintenance regimen of an oral or IV 400 mg dose/day seems to be a reasonable therapy for infections in CAPD patients.

scholarly journals Population pharmacokinetic study of isepamicin with intensive care unit patients.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 983-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Tod ◽  
C Padoin ◽  
C Minozzi ◽  
J Cougnard ◽  
O Petitjean
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean

The pharmacokinetics (PK) of isepamicin, a new aminoglycoside, were studied in 85 intensive care unit (ICU) patients and were compared with those observed in 10 healthy volunteers. A parametric method based on a nonlinear mixed-effect model was used to assess population PK. Isepamicin was given intravenously over 0.5 h at dosages of 15 mg/kg once daily or 7.5 mg/kg twice daily. The data were fitted to a bicompartmental open model. Compared with healthy volunteers, the mean values of the PK parameters were profoundly modified in ICU patients: elimination clearance was reduced by 48%, the volume of distribution in the central compartment (Vc) was increased by 50%, the peripheral volume of distribution was 70% higher, the distribution clearance was 146% lower, and the elimination half-life was ca. 3.4 times higher. The interindividual variability in PK parameters was about 50% in ICU patients. Five covariates (body weight [BW], simplified acute physiology score [SAPS], temperature, serum creatinine level, and creatinine clearance [CLCR]) were tentatively correlated with PK parameters by multivariate linear regression analysis with stepwise addition and deletion. The variability of isepamicin clearance was explained by three covariates (BW, SAPS, and CLCR), that of Vc was explained by BW and SAPS, and that of the elimination half-life was explained by CLCR and SAPS. Simulation of the concentration-versus-time profile for 500 individuals showed that the mean peak (0.75 h) concentration was 18% lower in ICU patients than in healthy volunteers and that the range in ICU patients was very broad (28.4 to 95.4 mg/liter). Therefore, monitoring of the isepamicin concentration is in ICU patients is mandatory.

scholarly journals Bioavailability pharmacokinetics and residues of marbofloxacin in normal and E.coli infected broiler chicken

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Ashraf El-Komy ◽  
Taha Attia ◽  
Amera Abd El Latif ◽  
Hanem Fathy
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Maximum Serum ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Total Body

The pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin was studied following a single intravenous, oral administration in normal broiler chickens and repeated oral administrations in normal and experimentally E.coli infected broiler chickens. The pharmacokinetic parameters following a single intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg b.wt., revealed that marbofloxacin obeyed a two compartments open model, distribution half-life (t0.5(α)) was 0.25±0.02 h, volume of distribution (Vdss) was 0.76±0.08 L/kg, elimination half-life (t0.5(β)) was 5.43±0.87 h and total body clearance (CLtot) was 0.09±0.002 l/kg/h. Following a single oral administration, marbofloxacin was rapidly and efficiently absorbed through gastrointestinal tract of chickens as the absorption half-life (t0.5 (ab): 0.62±0.02 h). Maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 1.15±0.01 μg/ml, reached its maximum time (tmax) at 2.53±0.04 h, elimination half-life (t0.5 (el)) was 7.36±0.20 h indicating the tendency of chickens to eliminate marbofloxacin in slow rate. Oral bioavailability was 73.57± 1.90 % indicating good absorption of marbofloxacin after oral administration. Serum concentrations of marbofloxacin following repeated oral administration of 2 mg/kg b.wt. once daily for five consecutive days, peaked 2 hours after each oral dose with lower significant values recorded in experimentally infected broiler chickens than in normal ones. Tissues residues of marbofloxacin in slaughtered normal chickens was highly in those tissues lung, liver, and kidneys in chickens and the chicken must not be slaughtered before 3 days of stopping of drug administration. It was concluded that the in- vitro protein binding was 12.33±0.82%.

scholarly journals Plasma disposition of cefoperazone after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-450
Author(s):  
Mohamed Aboubakr ◽  
Ahmed Soliman ◽  
Kamil Uney ◽  
Muammer Elmas
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Peak Plasma Concentration ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Camelus Dromedarius ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Total Body

The plasma disposition of cefoperazone was investigated after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administrations of 20 mg/kg as a single dose in six camels (Camelus dromedarius) in a crossover design. Blood plasma samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After IV administration, elimination half-life (t1/2β), volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss), total body clearance (Cltot) and mean residence time (MRT) of cefoperazone were 1.95 h, 0.38 L/kg, 0.17 L/h/kg and 2.16 h, respectively. After IM administration of cefoperazone, peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 21.95 μg/mL and it was obtained at (tmax) 1.23 h. Absorption half-life (t1/2ab), elimination half-life and mean absorption time were 0.45 h, 2.84 h and 2.07 h, respectively. The bioavailability of cefoperazone was 89.42%. The lack of local reaction or any other adverse effects and the very good bioavailability following IM administration indicate that cefoperazone might be a promising alternative treatment for a variety of infectious diseases in camels.

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