scholarly journals Incidence of Quinolone Resistance Over the Period 1986 to 1998 in Veterinary Salmonella Isolates from Germany

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 2278-2282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burkhard Malorny ◽  
Andreas Schroeter ◽  
Reiner Helmuth
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

ABSTRACT A total of 24,591 nonhuman salmonella strains isolated in Germany between 1986 and 1998 were examined for their resistance to nalidixic acid by an agar diffusion method. The rate of resistance (inhibition zone, ≤13 mm) ranged from 0.2% in 1986 to a peak of 14.8% in 1990. Between 1991 and 1998 the MICs for nalidixic acid-resistant strains ranged from more than 256 μg/ml for nalidixic acid to between 0.25 and 128 μg/ml for enrofloxacin. In the early 1990s a particularly high incidence of fluoroquinolone resistance (49.5%) was seen among isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) definitive phage type 204c that mainly originated from cattle. Among isolates from poultry an increase in the incidence of nalidixic acid resistance to a peak of 14.4% was observed in 1994. This peak was due to the presence of specific resistant serotypes, mainly serotypes Hadar, Saintpaul, Paratyphi B (d-tartrate positive; formerly serotype Java) and Newport. Such strains exhibited a decreased susceptibility to enrofloxacin (MIC, 1 μg/ml). Among isolates from pigs the peak incidence of resistance was reached in 1993, with 7.5% of isolates resistant to nalidixic acid and enrofloxacin. The study demonstrates an increase in the incidence of strains that are resistant to nalidixic acid and that have decreased susceptibility to enrofloxacin after the licensing of enrofloxacin. In addition, the number of other serotypes that exhibited nalidixic acid resistance or reduced enrofloxacin susceptibility increased among the total number of isolates investigated between 1992 and 1998.

scholarly journals Comparision of Antibiotic Susceptility of Levofloxacin with Other Commonly Tested Antibiotics Against Salmonella Enterica Serovar (Typhi And Paratyphi A)

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
A Chhetri ◽  
A Manandhar ◽  
Y Shah ◽  
RC Simkhada ◽  
R Paudyal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria is a global problem. Fluoroquinolones are recommended as first line therapy for children and adults infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A. The purpose of this study was to compare the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of different classes of antibiotics with levofloxacin from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients visiting Birhospital, Kathmandu. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauerdisc diffusion method as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Results: Among 50 isolates of Salmonella enterica, 39 (78%) were S.Typhi and 11 (22%) were S. Paratyphi A. All the isolates were tested against antibiotics, and all isolates were found sensitive to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone whereas 3 isolates of S. Typhi were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 1 was resistant to levofloxacin. Fluoroquinolone resistant S. ParatyphiA was not observed. Among the 10 (20%) multi drug resistant isolates, only 1 isolate was resistant to levofloxacin which was S. Typhi. Both S.Typhi (96.7%) and S. Paratyphi A (89.4%) were resistant to Nalidixic acid. Conclusion: High level of nalidixic acid resistance and even some fluoroquinolone resistance showed that the treatment of the enteric fever cannot be relied on the fluoroquinolones. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 19-21 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10344

scholarly journals Deteksi Resistensi Fluorokuinolon di Salmonella sp dengan Menggunakan Uji Kepekaan Asam Nalidiksat

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Lim Bing Tiam ◽  
Tjan Sian Hwa ◽  
Sri Mulyani ◽  
Widiyani Widiyani ◽  
Diyah Asmawati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
First Line ◽  
Line Drug

Fluoroquinolone is used as first line drug for Salmonella sp infection, but there were reports of increasing treatment failure with fluoroquinolone in infection caused by Salmonella sp, which in vitro is still succeptible to fluoroquinolone. The identification of nalidixic acid resistance, a first generation quinolone provides a high sensitivity and specifity for the detection of such fluoroquinolone resistance. The researchers aim is to study the prevalence and the minimum ciprofloxacin inhibitory concentration of nalidixic acid resistant but fluoroquinolone sensitive Salmonella sp at Premier Jatinegara Hospital. Blood cultures sent to Premier Jatinegara Hospital Laboratory during 2010 were evaluated according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Identification and MIC succeptibility testing were determined by VITEK® 2 Compact (Biomerieux®) and nalidixic acid succeptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method according to Kirby Bauer. Thirty eight Salmonella sp isolates were identified, all were succeptible to ciprofloxacin (MIC  0,25 mg/L), but 5 (13,2%) isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and reported as resistant. This study found that 13,2% of Salmonella sp were resistant to fluoroquinolone but not detected by the recommended CLSI breakpoint values. The researchers recommend that nalidixic acid testing be included in Salmonella sp succeptibility testing in Indonesia and consider 3rd generation cephalosporin as the first line drug before a succeptibility test result is available.

scholarly journals Methodological approaches to fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of Salmonella

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-320
Author(s):  
Svetlana A. Egorova ◽  
L.A. Kaftyreva
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Clinical Breakpoints

Objective. To evaluate effectiveness of the various approaches to fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of Salmonella, including S. typhi, taking into account molecular resistance mechanisms. Materials and Methods. The MIC values of ciprofloxacin were compared with the inhibition zone for pefloxacin disc, 5 mg (310 isolates) and nalidixic acid, 30 mg (420 isolates). MIC of ciprofloxacin was determined by gradient diffusion test and broth microdilution method. Muller – Hinton agar and Muller – Hinton broth, antibiotic discs and MICE-tests (Oxoid, UK) were used. Chromosomal mutations in QRDR of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnr, aac-(6’)-1b etc.) were detected in 19 Salmonella isolates by analysis using ResFinder service (Center of Genomic Epidemiology). Genomic DNA libraries were prepared using the MiSeq Nextera XT Library Preparation Kit (Illumina, USA). WGS was performed on MiSeq (Illumina, USA) with MiSeq Reagent Kit v3 600 cycles (Illumina, USA). Genome assembly and analysis were performed using CLC Genomics Workbench 8.0 (Qiagen, USA). Results. Despite the high concordance of ciprofloxacin MIC values and the results of disc diffusion screening with pefloxacin (96.5% of isolates) and nalidixic acid (98.1% of isolates), the results obtained for some resistant isolates were inconsistent. When those isolates were tested by a single method, there was a possibility of incorrect susceptibility categorization. Discordant results were obtained for 19 isolates and had the objective reason (paradoxical resistance phenotype due to the plasmid-mediated resistance, qnrS) in 3 cases. Other discrepancies were noted when the values were equal to the clinical breakpoints: ciprofloxacin MIC – 0.06 mg/l, inhibition zone for pefloxacin – 24 mm. Repeated testing revealed the variations around the clinical breakpoints: the MIC values of 0.06–0.12 mg/l, and inhibition zone of 23 to 25 mm. Conclusions. When performing fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of Salmonella, it is reasonable to add the category “Area of Technical Uncertainty”: ciprofloxacin MIC value of 0.06 mg/l, and inhibition zone for pefloxacin of 23 to 25 mm. Two discs (pefloxacin and nalidixic acid) should be used for fluoroquinolone resistance screening by disk diffusion method.

scholarly journals Suitable Disk Antimicrobial Susceptibility Breakpoints Defining Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 5201-5208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Parry ◽  
Chau Tran Thuy ◽  
Sabina Dongol ◽  
Abhilasha Karkey ◽  
Ha Vinh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance ◽  
Disk Susceptibility

ABSTRACT Infections with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates that have reduced susceptibility to ofloxacin (MIC ≥ 0.25 μg/ml) or ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥ 0.125 μg/ml) have been associated with a delayed response or clinical failure following treatment with these antimicrobials. These isolates are not detected as resistant using current disk susceptibility breakpoints. We examined 816 isolates of S. Typhi from seven Asian countries. Screening for nalidixic acid resistance (MIC ≥ 16 μg/ml) identified isolates with an ofloxacin MIC of ≥0.25 μg/ml with a sensitivity of 97.3% (253/260) and specificity of 99.3% (552/556). For isolates with a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥0.125 μg/ml, the sensitivity was 92.9% (248/267) and specificity was 98.4% (540/549). A zone of inhibition of ≤28 mm around a 5-μg ofloxacin disc detected strains with an ofloxacin MIC of ≥0.25 μg/ml with a sensitivity of 94.6% (246/260) and specificity of 94.2% (524/556). A zone of inhibition of ≤30 mm detected isolates with a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥0.125 μg/ml with a sensitivity of 94.0% (251/267) and specificity of 94.2% (517/549). An ofloxacin MIC of ≥0.25 μg/ml and a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥0.125 μg/ml detected 74.5% (341/460) of isolates with an identified quinolone resistance-inducing mutation and 81.5% (331/406) of the most common mutant (carrying a serine-to-phenylalanine mutation at codon 83 in the gyrA gene). Screening for nalidixic acid resistance or ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin disk inhibition zone are suitable for detecting S. Typhi isolates with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility.

scholarly journals Nalidixic Acid Susceptibility Test for Screening Salmonella Isolates of Reduced Susceptibility/Higher Minimum Inhibitory Concentration to Ciprofloxacin

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Agrawal ◽  
R. Tuladhar ◽  
N. Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

Enteric fever is the major diagnosis among febrile patients in Nepal with yearly increase in nalidixic acid resistance and reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility among Salmonella isolates. This study was carried out to evaluate the validity of nalidixic acid resistance as an indicator of reduced susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to ciprofloxacin. In this study, 999 blood specimens collected from suspected enteric fever patients visiting B&B Hospital were processed by standard microbiological techniques. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests and serotyping. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and CLSI recommended interpretive criteria. MIC of ciprofloxacin was determined by agar dilution method. Isolation rate of Salmonella species was 6.21%. Among 62 Salmonella isolates, 51 were S. typhi, 10 were S. paratyphi A and one isolate was S. paratyphi B. Only one isolate of S. typhi was multi-drug resistant. Resistance to ceftriaxone, cefixime and azithromycin was nil. On disc diffusion test, 55 isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid. Fifty-seven isolates were found to have increased (>0.125mg/ml) MIC of ciprofloxacin with the clinical and laboratory standards institute breakpoints. Nalidixic acid resistance showed a predictive value of 100% for ciprofloxacin resistance. Screening with nalidixic acid disc had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 71.43% for the determination of decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Before using ciprofloxacin for the treatment of enteric fever, appropriate identification of Salmonella isolates with reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility is essential to limit the possible treatment failure and further development of highly resistant strains.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12122Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 97-104

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance Salmonella isolates recovered from food products of animal origin in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina Skitovich ◽  
Kseniya Serova ◽  
Yevgenia Korchagina ◽  
Natalya Shadrova
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

The study was aimed at Salmonella isolation from samples of animal food products submitted for testing from various regions of the Central part of the RF and serotyping of the recovered isolates and their testing for antibiotic resistance. A total of 2,342 tests were performed and 87 (3.7%) Salmonella isolates were recovered. Most of them (54 isolates) were recovered from poultry meat and poultry meat preparation samples submitted for testing. Besides, 25 isolates were recovered from pork and pork preparation samples, 7 isolates – from beef samples, 1 isolate – from hard cheese samples. Serotyping of 64 Salmonella isolates showed that the majority of the isolates (57.8%) belonged to О7 group. Also, Salmonella isolates belonging to О9 (21.9%), О8 (9.4%), О4,5 (6.2%) and О10 (4.7%) were detected in food products. S. Enteritidis, (23.3%), and S. infantis (18.7%), were predominant based on the number of detections. Also, the following serovars were identified: S. typhimurium, S. nigeria, S. montevideo, S. derby, S. meleagridis, S. virchov, S. oranienburg. Tests of 87 Salmonella isolates for their antibiotic resistance with disk diffusion method revealed that they were highly resistant to nalidixic acid (70.1%), tetracycline (49.4%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol (40.2%). Moreover, nalidixic acid-resistance was common for all identified isolates. Seventeen isolates (19.5%) demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance and two isolates were found to be resistant to ≥7 antibiotics. All recovered isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, amikacin, meropenem and imipenem. Obtained results indicate the necessity of Salmonella antibiotic resistance monitoring to gain understanding of Salmonellas’ antibiotic resistance emergence and trends.

scholarly journals Detection of Decreased Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonellas and Validation of Nalidixic Acid Screening Test

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 3572-3577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Hakanen ◽  
Pirkko Kotilainen ◽  
Jari Jalava ◽  
Anja Siitonen ◽  
Pentti Huovinen
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Similar Association ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

We evaluated 1,010 Salmonella isolates classified as fluoroquinolone susceptible according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines for susceptibility to nalidixic acid and three fluoroquinolones. These isolates were divided into two distinct subpopulations, with the great majority (n = 960) being fully ciprofloxacin susceptible and a minority (n = 50) exhibiting reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility (MICs ranging between 0.125 and 0.5 μg/ml). The less ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates were uniformly resistant to nalidixic acid, while only 12 (1.3%) of the fully susceptible isolates were nalidixic acid resistant. A similar association was observed between resistance to nalidixic acid and decreased susceptibility to ofloxacin or norfloxacin. A mutation of the gyrA gene could be demonstrated in all isolates for which the ciprofloxacin MICs were ≥0.125 μg/ml and in 94% of the nalidixic acid-resistant isolates but in none of the nalidixic acid-susceptible isolates analyzed. Identification of nalidixic acid resistance by the disk diffusion method provided a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 87.3% as tools to screen for isolates for which the MICs of ciprofloxacin were ≥0.125 μg/ml. We regard it as important that microbiology laboratories endeavor to recognize these less susceptibleSalmonella strains, in order to reveal their clinical importance and to survey their epidemic spread.

scholarly journals Clonal Expansion May Account for High Levels of Quinolone Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 2587-2591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Kilmartin ◽  
D. Morris ◽  
C. O'Hare ◽  
G. Corbett-Feeney ◽  
M. Cormican
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Clonal Expansion ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽  
Salmonella Serovars ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

ABSTRACT We have observed a high incidence of isolated nalidixic acid resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates in Ireland, particularly isolates of phage type 1 (PT1). A group of nalidixic acid-resistant (n = 22) and nalidixic acid-susceptible (n = 28) isolates of serovar Enteritidis from multiple sites in Ireland were selected. Isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI, and the MICs for nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were determined. Mutations associated with nalidixic acid resistance in clinical isolates and laboratory mutants of serovar Enteritidis and 32 nalidixic acid-resistant isolates of 15 other salmonella serovars were identified. PFGE had limited discriminatory power. A specific point mutation (G246T) associated with amino acid substitution Asp87Tyr in the quinolone resistance determining region of the gyrA gene accounted for 95% of all mutations in serovar Enteritidis and for all mutations in PT1 isolates. Greater diversity of mutations was observed among all non-Enteritidis salmonella serovars studied. Rates of nalidixic acid resistance in serovar Enteritidis may predominantly reflect clonal expansion after infrequent mutation or selection events.

scholarly journals Susceptibility to patterns of ciprofloxacin among nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates collected in Banepa, Nepal from enteric fever patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Girija Roka ◽  
Subash Pandaya ◽  
Md. Reyad-ul Ferdous ◽  
Manson Pandey ◽  
Naba Raj Pokhrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Broth Dilution ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

The present study determined the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin of nalidixic acid resistant <em>Salmonella</em> (NARS) isolated from enteric fever patients at Scheer Memorial Hospital, Banepa, Nepal, from June 2012 to December 2012. The antimicrobial sensitivity to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was determined using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and broth dilution method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. <em>Salmonella</em> was isolated from 34 out of 992 (3.43%) blood cultures collected during the study period, and 10 (29.4%) isolates were identified as <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serotype Typhi, while 24 (70.6%) were identified as <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serotype Paratyphi. Out of the total isolates, 31 (91.2%) were nalidixic acid-resistant <em>Salmonella</em> (NARS). Among NARS, the minimum inhibitory concentration values for ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.25 to 2 mg/L and were constantly higher than those shown by the nalidixic acid-susceptible <em>Salmonella</em>. Therefore, in typhoid <em>Salmonella</em> nalidixic acid resistance may be the indicator of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Shigella sonnei Isolates in Japan and Molecular Analysis of S. sonnei Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1203-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Hirose ◽  
Jun Terajima ◽  
Hidemasa Izumiya ◽  
Kazumichi Tamura ◽  
Eiji Arakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Shigella Sonnei ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Resistant Strains

ABSTRACT We performed susceptibility testing with Shigella sonnei isolates from imported and domestic cases of infection in Japan during 2001 and 2002. Some S. sonnei isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Most of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains showed reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones but did not show fluoroquinolone resistance.

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