scholarly journals Phenotypic and Phylogenetic Identification of Coliform Bacteria Obtained Using 12 Coliform Methods Approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (17) ◽  
pp. 6012-6023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Zhang ◽  
Pei-Ying Hong ◽  
Mark W. LeChevallier ◽  
Wen-Tso Liu
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Group I

ABSTRACTThe current definition of coliform bacteria is method dependent, and when different culture-based methods are used, discrepancies in results can occur and affect the accuracy of identification of true coliforms. This study used an alternative approach to the identification of true coliforms by combining the phenotypic traits of the coliform isolates and the phylogenetic affiliation of 16S rRNA gene sequences with the use oflacZanduidAgenes. A collection of 1,404 isolates detected by 12 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved coliform-testing methods were characterized based on their phylogenetic affiliations and responses to their original isolation media and lauryl tryptose broth, m-Endo, and MI agar media. Isolates were phylogenetically classified into 32 true-coliform, or targetedEnterobacteriaceae(TE), groups and 14 noncoliform, or nontargetedEnterobacteriaceae(NTE), groups. It was shown statistically that detecting true-positive (TP) events is more challenging than detecting true-negative (TN) events. Furthermore, most false-negative (FN) events were associated with four TE groups (i.e.,Serratiagroup I and theProvidencia,Proteus, andMorganellagroups) and most false-positive (FP) events with two NTE groups, theAeromonasandPlesiomonasgroups. InEscherichia colitesting, 18 out of 145E. coliisolates identified by enzymatic methods were validated as FN. The reasons behind the FP and FN reactions could be explained through analysis of thelacZanduidAgenes. Overall, combining the analyses of the 16S rRNA,lacZ, anduidAgenes with the growth responses of TE and NTE on culture-based media is an effective way to evaluate the performance of coliform detection methods.

Tech advances will bolster long-term copper demand

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Copper Price ◽  
Metal Exchange ◽  
London Metal Exchange ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Copper Producer ◽  
The Us

Subject The copper market. Significance The copper price has picked up by nearly 9% this year after weakening unexpectedly through 2018, losing 17.5%. Unusually, the slide was accompanied by metal inventories dropping steadily on the London Metal Exchange, Comex and Shanghai Metals Exchange. Stocks peaked at 900 kilotonnes (kt) in March 2018 before plummeting by 65% to start the year at the lowest since 2014. This rare combination of falling inventories and weakening prices has yet to find a viable explanation. Impacts Zambian import duties on concentrate has prompted 366 kt of capacity to be shutdown, reducing supply on the market. Boosting the outlook for US output, the US Environmental Protection Agency has approved Hudbay’s 112-kt-per-year Rosemont mine in Arizona. Chilean miner Codelco is spending 4.9 billion dollars to mine underground at Chuquicamata, aiming to extend operations by 40 years. Indonesia, the ninth largest copper producer, is to redirect output towards local smelters; it has cut annual export quotas by 25-75%.

Green stance could be Pyrrhic for US President Trump

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Supreme Court

Significance The move is the latest in a series of environmental regulation rollbacks by Trump’s administration and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under its head, Andrew Wheeler. Impacts The Supreme Court could decide to weaken the Chevron doctrine that sees courts defer to agencies over legal ambiguities. The Republicans will try to undermine the Democrats’ Green New Deal proposals as expensive and unworkable. Republicans will likely go into the 2020 elections proposing more modest environmental ideas.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physical Coverings Used To Control Escherichia coli O157:H7 at the Compost Heap Surface

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (14) ◽  
pp. 5044-5049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion W. Shepherd ◽  
Jinkyung Kim ◽  
Xiuping Jiang ◽  
Michael P. Doyle ◽  
Marilyn C. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACTThroughout four field trials, compost heaps covered with finished compost maintained temperatures under the physical covering that were ca. 7 to 15.5°C higher, resulting in rapidEscherichia coliO157:H7 reduction, than those of the heaps covered with fresh straw or left uncovered. Our results validated recommendations made by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for covering fresh compost.

Oxynema aestuarii sp. nov. (Microcoleaceae) isolated from an Indian mangrove forest

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANDEEP CHAKRABORTY ◽  
VEERABADHRAN MARUTHANAYAGAM ◽  
ANUSHREE ACHARI ◽  
RIDDHI MAHANSARIA ◽  
ARNAB PRAMANIK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Hypersaline Environment ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Intertidal Environment ◽  
Group I

Taxonomic characterization by a polyphasic approach was carried out on two cyanobacteria, AP17 and AP24 isolated from soil biofilms of two separate islands, Lothian and Sagar respectively, of the Indian Sundarbans. The strains were studied morphologically by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Growth responses to various salinities were recorded. Molecular data included sequencing and phylogenetic study of the 16S rRNA gene as well as analysis of the 14 regions of the 16S-23S ITS regions. Morphologically the strains were found to be non-heterocytous, having attenuated trichomes with a narrow, bent terminal cell without any crosswalls. Strains under investigation shared 99–100% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Oxynema thaianum CCALA960, the type species of the novel Oxynema genus, recently separated from the Phormidium-Group I genus. However, cross walls in the apical portion of AP17 and AP24 were totally absent while the same was present in CCALA960. Additionally, optimal growth of AP17 and AP24 was recorded in 5–8% salinity and salinity above 14% inhibited growth of both strains, which were isolated from an intertidal environment; whereas O. thaianum CCALA960 which was found in a hypersaline environment could grow at 40% salinity. Insertion of 9 nucleotides in the D2 with spacer region, insertion of 2 nucleotides in the pre Box B spacer region, deletion of 2 nucleotides in the post Box B spacer region, deletion of 8 nucleotides in the D4 region, deletion of 8 nucleotides in V3 region and insertion of 2 nucleotides in the D5 region of the ITS sequences of AP17 and AP24 were observed in comparison to the analogous regions of CCALA960. Structural details of Box B helices of AP17 and AP24 revealed that although their lengths were identical with the reference, their sequences were completely different from CCALA960. Four nucleotide substitutions were observed in different positions in the Box B helix of O. thaianum CCALA960. Secondary structures of the V3 regions of AP17 and AP24 (containing 51 nucleotides) showed a small terminal bulge and a bigger bilateral bulge while the analogous structure of O. thaianum CCALA 960 (comprising of 59 nucleotides) showed one additional bilateral bulge in comparison to AP17 and AP24. Therefore, based on morphological, ecological and molecular differences in comparison to O. thaianum CCALA960, isolates AP17 and AP24 should be considered as a second novel species in the Oxynema genus, for which the name Oxynema aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed.

scholarly journals Exiguobacterium enclense sp. nov., isolated from sediment

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (Pt_5) ◽  
pp. 1611-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed G. Dastager ◽  
Rahul Mawlankar ◽  
Vidya V. Sonalkar ◽  
Meghana N. Thorat ◽  
Poonam Mual ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Marine Sediment Sample

A Gram-stain-positive bacterium, designated strain NIO-1109T, was isolated from a marine sediment sample from Chorao Island, Goa, India. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and data from phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NIO-1109T was related to the genus Exiguobacterium . Strain NIO-1109T exhibited >98.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to Exiguobacterium indicum HHS 31T (99.5 %) and Exiguobacterium acetylicum NCIMB 9889T (99.1 %); the type strains of other species showed <98 % similarity. Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain NIO-1109T and E. acetylicum DSM 20416T and E. indicum LMG 23471T were less than 70 % (33.0±2.0 and 37±3.2 %, respectively). Strain NIO-1109T also differed from these two closely related species in a number of phenotypic traits. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain NIO-1109T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Exiguobacterium , for which the name Exiguobacterium enclense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NIO-1109T ( = NCIM 5457T = DSM 25128T = CCTCC AB 2011124T).

scholarly journals Saccharicrinis carchari sp. nov., isolated from a shark, and emended descriptions of the genus Saccharicrinis and Saccharicrinis fermentans

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_7) ◽  
pp. 2204-2209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian-Qian Liu ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Zong-Jun Du ◽  
Guan-Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, gliding, yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated SS12T, was isolated from shark gill homogenate and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain was catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Optimal growth occurred at 28–30 °C, pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 2–4 % (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content was 40.0 mol%. The strain contained MK-7 as the prevailing menaquinone; iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acids; and phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown lipid as the predominant polar lipids. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the novel isolate showed the highest sequence similarity (94.68 %) to Saccharicrinis fermentans DSM 9555T and the sequence similarities among the type strains of all other species studied were less than 92 %. A phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain SS12T and Saccharicrinis fermentans DSM 9555T formed a distinct cluster within the family Marinilabiliaceae . On the basis of its phylogenetic position and phenotypic traits, strain SS12T represents a novel species of genus Saccharicrinis , for which the name Saccharicrinis carchari sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SS12T ( = CICC 10590T = DSM 27040T). Emended descriptions of the genus Saccharicrinis and Saccharicrinis fermentans are also provided.

Urban Storm-Induced Discharge Impacts: US Environmental Protection Agency Research Program Review

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Field ◽  
R. E. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Program Review ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Water Problems

Fecal coliform bacteria (and pathogens), high flow rates, sediment, toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants are most commonly associated with urban receiving water problems. Most beneficial uses have been shown to be adversely affected by urban runoff, including shell fish harvesting, fish and aquatic life propagation, drinking water supplies, aesthetics and recreation. Most of the problems occur over long periods of time and are not associated with individual runoff events, making cause and effect relationships difficult to study. The Storm and Combined Sewer Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has sponsored several long-term research projects to investigate these problems, along with data reviews to identify urban runoff problems from available information. Current research efforts are stressing sources and controls for toxicants in urban runoff.

Evaluation of Colilert-18® for Detection and Enumeration of Fecal Coliform Bacteria in Wastewater Using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Alternative Test Procedure Protocol

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1573-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S Warden ◽  
Monique S DeSarno ◽  
Sarah E Volk ◽  
Bradley J Eldred
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Alternative Test ◽  
The U.S

Abstract This study compared recovery of fecal coliform bacteria from sewage by Colilert-18® and Standard Methods 9222D (membrane-Fecal Coliform medium) in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Alternative Test Protocol (ATP). Samples were collected from 10 different wastewater treatment plants in the northeastern United States and tested in a single laboratory. Twenty replicates of each sample were analyzed by each method, and 200 positive and 200 negative responses were confirmed for each method. Recovery of fecal coliforms by Colilert-18 was significantly higher than (8 of 10 sites) or statistically equivalent to (1 of 10 sites) recovery by the reference method (Standard Methods 9222D) for samples from all but one site. Both methods had low false-positive rates (&lt;2%); however, the false-negative rate observed with Standard Methods 9222D (21.5%) was substantially higher than that observed with Colilert-18 (7%). The accuracy rates of the two methods were calculated as 96.5 and 88.9% for Colilert-18 and Standard Methods 9222D, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that Colilert-18 meets the acceptance criteria for alternative methods specified in the EPA ATP.

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