scholarly journals Microbial N Transformations and N2O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Feng Duan ◽  
Xian-Wang Kong ◽  
Andreas Schramm ◽  
Rodrigo Labouriau ◽  
Jørgen Eriksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea

ABSTRACT Grassland cultivation can mobilize large pools of N in the soil, with the potential for N leaching and N2O emissions. Spraying with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) before cultivation was simulated by use of soil columns in which the residue distribution corresponded to plowing or rotovation to study the effects of soil-residue contact on N transformations. DMPP was sprayed on aboveground parts of ryegrass and white clover plants before incorporation. During a 42-day incubation, soil mineral N dynamics, potential ammonia oxidation (PAO), denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA), nitrifier and denitrifier populations, and N2O emissions were investigated. The soil NO3 − pool was enriched with 15N to trace sources of N2O. Ammonium was rapidly released from decomposing residues, and PAO was stimulated in soil near residues. DMPP effectively reduced NH4 + transformation irrespective of residue distribution. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) were both present, but only the AOB amoA transcript abundance correlated with PAO. DMPP inhibited the transcription of AOB amoA genes. Denitrifier genes and transcripts (nirK, nirS, and clades I and II of nosZ) were recovered, and a correlation was found between nirS mRNA and DEA. DMPP showed no adverse effects on the abundance or activity of denitrifiers. The 15N enrichment of N2O showed that denitrification was responsible for 80 to 90% of emissions. With support from a control experiment without NO3 − amendment, it was concluded that DMPP will generally reduce the potential for leaching of residue-derived N, whereas the effect of DMPP on N2O emissions will be significant only when soil NO3 − availability is limiting. IMPORTANCE Residue incorporation following grassland cultivation can lead to mobilization of large pools of N and potentially to significant N losses via leaching and N2O emissions. This study proposed a mitigation strategy of applying 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) prior to grassland cultivation and investigated its efficacy in a laboratory incubation study. DMPP inhibited the growth and activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria but had no adverse effects on ammonia-oxidizing archaea and denitrifiers. DMPP can effectively reduce the potential for leaching of NO3 − derived from residue decomposition, while the effect on reducing N2O emissions will be significant only when soil NO3 − availability is limiting. Our findings provide insight into how DMPP affects soil nitrifier and denitrifier populations and have direct implications for improving N use efficiency and reducing environmental impacts during grassland cultivation.

Influence of dicyandiamide on nitrogen transformation and losses in cow-urine-amended soil cores from grazed pasture

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagrati Singh ◽  
S. Saggar ◽  
N. S. Bolan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
N Transformations

In New Zealand, urine deposited by grazing animals represents the largest source of nitrogen (N) losses, as gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and leaching of nitrate (NO3−).We determined the effect of dicyandiamide (DCD) on gaseous emissions from pasture with increasing rates of urine-N application, mineral N transformations and potential leaching of N using undisturbed soil cores of Manawatu sandy loam at field capacity. The treatments included four levels of urine-N applied at 0 (control), 14.4, 29.0 and 57.0 g N/m2 with and without DCD at 2.5 g/m2. Results showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in NH3 and N2O-N emissions as urine application was increased. The addition of DCD to corresponding urine treatments reduced N2O emissions by 33, 56 and 80%, respectively. The addition of DCD with urine to the intact soil cores at field capacity moisture content resulted in a significant increase in the soil ammonium-N (NH4+-N) concentration but little change in NH3 emissions. Addition of DCD to urine reduced potential NO3−-N leaching by 60–65% but potential NH4+-N leaching increased by 2–3.5 times. There was no difference in pasture dry matter production with and without DCD treatments.

scholarly journals Measurements of nitrite production in and around the primary nitrite maximum in the central California Current

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7395-7410 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Santoro ◽  
C. M. Sakamoto ◽  
J. M. Smith ◽  
J. N. Plant ◽  
A. L. Gehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
California Current ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Central California ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea ◽  
Nitrite Production ◽  
Nh3 Oxidation

Abstract. Nitrite (NO2−) is a substrate for both oxidative and reductive microbial metabolism. NO2− accumulates at the base of the euphotic zone in oxygenated, stratified open-ocean water columns, forming a feature known as the primary nitrite maximum (PNM). Potential pathways of NO2− production include the oxidation of ammonia (NH3) by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea as well as assimilatory nitrate (NO3−) reduction by phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria. Measurements of NH3 oxidation and NO3− reduction to NO2− were conducted at two stations in the central California Current in the eastern North Pacific to determine the relative contributions of these processes to NO2− production in the PNM. Sensitive (< 10 nmol L−1), precise measurements of [NH4+] and [NO2−] indicated a persistent NH4+ maximum overlying the PNM at every station, with concentrations as high as 1.5 μmol L−1. Within and just below the PNM, NH3 oxidation was the dominant NO2− producing process, with rates of NH3 oxidation to NO2− of up to 31 nmol L−1 d−1, coinciding with high abundances of ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Though little NO2− production from NO3− was detected, potentially nitrate-reducing phytoplankton (photosynthetic picoeukaryotes, Synechococcus, and Prochlorococcus) were present at the depth of the PNM. Rates of NO2− production from NO3− were highest within the upper mixed layer (4.6 nmol L−1 d−1) but were either below detection limits or 10 times lower than NH3 oxidation rates around the PNM. One-dimensional modeling of water column NO2− production agreed with production determined from 15N bottle incubations within the PNM, but a modeled net biological sink for NO2− just below the PNM was not captured in the incubations. Residence time estimates of NO2− within the PNM ranged from 18 to 470 days at the mesotrophic station and was 40 days at the oligotrophic station. Our results suggest the PNM is a dynamic, rather than relict, feature with a source term dominated by ammonia oxidation.

The effect of dicyandiamide addition to cattle slurry on soil gross nitrogen transformations at a grassland site in Northern Ireland

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (S1) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. McGEOUGH ◽  
C. MÜLLER ◽  
R. J. LAUGHLIN ◽  
C. J. WATSON ◽  
M. ERNFORS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Dominant Process ◽  
Grassland Site

SUMMARYMany studies have shown the efficacy of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) in reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3−) leaching. However, there is no information on the effect of DCD on gross soil N transformations under field conditions, which is key information if it is to be used as a mitigation strategy to reduce N losses. The current field study was conducted to determine the effect of DCD on ten gross nitrogen (N) transformations in soil following cattle slurry (CS) application to grassland in Northern Ireland on three occasions (June 2010, October 2010 and March 2011).Ammonium (NH4+) oxidation (ONH4) was the dominant process in total NO3− production (ONH4+ONrec (oxidation of recalcitrant organic N to NO3−)) following CS application, accounting for 0·894–0·949. Dicyandiamide inhibited total NO3− production from CS by 0·781, 0·696 and 0·807 in June 2010, October 2010 and March 2011, respectively. The lower inhibition level in October 2010 was thought to be due to the higher rainfall and soil moisture content in that month compared to the other application times. As DCD strongly inhibited NH4+ oxidation following CS application, it also decreased the rate of total NO3− consumption, since less NO3− was formed. The rates of mineralization from recalcitrant organic-N (MNrec) were higher than from labile organic-N (MNlab) on all occasions. The DCD significantly increased total mineralization (MNrec+MNlab) following CS application in June 2010 and March 2011, but had no significant effect in October 2010. In contrast, the rate of immobilization of labile organic-N (INH4_Nlab) was higher than from recalcitrant organic-N (INH4_Nrec) on all occasions, accounting for 0·878–0·976 of total NH4+ immobilization from CS. The DCD significantly increased total immobilization (INH4_Nrec+INH4_Nlab) when CS was applied in June 2010, but had no significant effect at other times of the year.Dicyandiamide was shown to be a highly effective inhibitor of ammonium oxidation at this grassland site. Although there was evidence that it increased both NH4+ mineralization and immobilization following CS application, its effect on these processes was inconsistent. Further work is required to understand the reason for these inconsistent effects: future improvements in 15N tracer models may help.

Isotopic Signature of N2O Produced by Marine Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea

Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 333 (6047) ◽  
pp. 1282-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyson E. Santoro ◽  
Carolyn Buchwald ◽  
Matthew R. McIlvin ◽  
Karen L. Casciotti
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Ozone Destruction ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea ◽  
Isotope Measurements ◽  
Archaeal Ammonia Oxidation

The ocean is an important global source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas that contributes to stratospheric ozone destruction. Bacterial nitrification and denitrification are thought to be the primary sources of marine N2O, but the isotopic signatures of N2O produced by these processes are not consistent with the marine contribution to the global N2O budget. Based on enrichment cultures, we report that archaeal ammonia oxidation also produces N2O. Natural-abundance stable isotope measurements indicate that the produced N2O had bulk δ15N and δ18O values higher than observed for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria but similar to the δ15N and δ18O values attributed to the oceanic N2O source to the atmosphere. Our results suggest that ammonia-oxidizing archaea may be largely responsible for the oceanic N2O source.

Field storage conditions for cattle manure to limit nitrogen losses and optimise fertiliser value

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Viaene ◽  
V. Nelissen ◽  
B. Vandecasteele ◽  
K. Willekens ◽  
S. De Neve ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Bulking Agents ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Volumetric Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Storage and application of cattle farmyard manure (CFM) can cause considerable environmental problems through nutrient losses to soil, water and air, if not properly handled. We investigated different storage conditions of CFM at field scale to reduce nitrogen (N) losses to the soil, meanwhile optimising the agronomical quality of the CFM. The treatments differed in terms of storage method (stockpiling, extensive composting or co-composting with bulking agents) and coverage (no cover, plastic or geotextile cover). Over the different treatments, the ammonium-N concentrations under the piles in the 0–90 cm soil layer amounted to a maximum of 4.2% of the initial manure N content. We were able to assess the relative importance of each of the two processes resulting in a higher mineral N concentration under the piles, i.e. direct leaching from the CFM to the soil on the one hand, and a smaller indirect effect of elevated soil temperatures (up to 37°C) under the piles resulting in higher N mineralisation in the top soil on the other hand. NH4+-N was the most important component of mineral N under all heaps due to limited oxygen diffusion to the soil. N leaching and end-product quality were affected by a combination of treatment option (i.e. storage and cover) and initial manure characteristics. When CFM was characterised by a low volumetric moisture content and high C : N ratio, so in case of straw-rich CFM or CFM with added bulking agents, composting led to the least N leaching and most stable end product. When CFM was characterised by a high volumetric moisture content and low C : N ratio, stockpiling and covering (plastic or geotextile) resulted in lower N leaching to the soil. Stockpiling and covering the CFM with a geotextile resulted in a more stable end product than did covering with a plastic.

The nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide increases mineralization–immobilization turnover in slurry-amended grassland soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 152 (S1) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ERNFORS ◽  
F. P. BRENNAN ◽  
K. G. RICHARDS ◽  
K. L. MCGEOUGH ◽  
B. S. GRIFFITHS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Autotrophic Nitrification ◽  
Gross Mineralization ◽  
Soil N Mineralization ◽  
Inhibition Of Nitrification ◽  
Gross N Transformation

SUMMARYNitrification inhibitors are used in agriculture for the purpose of decreasing nitrogen (N) losses, by limiting the microbially mediated oxidation of ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3−). Successful inhibition of nitrification has been shown in numerous studies, but the extent to which inhibitors affect other N transformations in soil is largely unknown. In the present study, cattle slurry was applied to microcosms of three different grassland soils, with or without the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD). A solution containing NH4+and NO3−, labelled with15N either on the NH4+or the NO3−part, was mixed with the slurry before application. Gross N transformation rates were estimated using a15N tracing model. In all three soils, DCD significantly inhibited gross autotrophic nitrification, by 79–90%. Gross mineralization of recalcitrant organic N increased significantly with DCD addition in two soils, whereas gross heterotrophic nitrification from the same pool decreased with DCD addition in two soils. Fungal to bacterial ratios were not significantly affected by DCD addition. Total gross mineralization and immobilization increased significantly across the three soils when DCD was used, which suggests that DCD can cause non-target effects on soil N mineralization–immobilization turnover.

scholarly journals Ecophysiological Characterization of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea and Bacteria from Freshwater

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (16) ◽  
pp. 5773-5780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth French ◽  
Jessica A. Kozlowski ◽  
Maitreyee Mukherjee ◽  
George Bullerjahn ◽  
Annette Bollmann
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea ◽  
Group I ◽  
Nitrosomonas Oligotropha

ABSTRACTAerobic biological ammonia oxidation is carried out by two groups of microorganisms, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and the recently discovered ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). Here we present a study using cultivation-based methods to investigate the differences in growth of three AOA cultures and one AOB culture enriched from freshwater environments. The strain in the enriched AOA culture belong to thaumarchaeal group I.1a, with the strain in one enrichment culture having the highest identity with “CandidatusNitrosoarchaeum koreensis” and the strains in the other two representing a new genus of AOA. The AOB strain in the enrichment culture was also obtained from freshwater and had the highest identity to AOB from theNitrosomonas oligotrophagroup (Nitrosomonascluster 6a). We investigated the influence of ammonium, oxygen, pH, and light on the growth of AOA and AOB. The growth rates of the AOB increased with increasing ammonium concentrations, while the growth rates of the AOA decreased slightly. Increasing oxygen concentrations led to an increase in the growth rate of the AOB, while the growth rates of AOA were almost oxygen insensitive. Light exposure (white and blue wavelengths) inhibited the growth of AOA completely, and the AOA did not recover when transferred to the dark. AOB were also inhibited by blue light; however, growth recovered immediately after transfer to the dark. Our results show that the tested AOB have a competitive advantage over the tested AOA under most conditions investigated. Further experiments will elucidate the niches of AOA and AOB in more detail.

scholarly journals Urea coated with poultry litter as an option in the control of nitrogen losses

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 398-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Dall’Orsoletta ◽  
Luiz P. Rauber ◽  
Djalma E. Schmitt ◽  
Luciano C. Gatiboni ◽  
Jhonatan Orsolin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Nh3 Volatilization ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition ◽  
Moisture Contents

ABSTRACT The volatilization of ammonia (NH3) and nitrate leaching (NH3-) are the main processes of nitrogen (N) loss in the soil. The objective of the study was to evaluate N losses by NH3 volatilization and mineral N transformations in the soil with urea coated with poultry litter (urea + litter) compared with other sources of N, under two moisture conditions. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement with four replicates, five N sources (urea, SuperN®, Kimcoat®, urea + litter and control without fertilizer) and two moisture contents [80 and 100% of field capacity (FC)]. The total volatilized NH3 did not differ between the sources, regardless of the soil moisture condition, ranging from 10.8 to 13.2% of the total N applied. The transformation of NH4+ into NH3- did not vary between the sources, except for the control, but it differed between soil moisture contents, with equilibrium estimated at 31 and 38 days, in the treatments with 80 and 100% FC, respectively. The urea + litter has N losses by NH3 volatilization and speed of transformation of the soil mineral N similar to those of the other sources, and can be used to substitute them.

scholarly journals The Response of Estuarine Ammonia-Oxidizing Communities to Constant and Fluctuating Salinity Regimes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Pereira Santos ◽  
António G. G. Sousa ◽  
Hugo Ribeiro ◽  
Catarina Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Estuarine Sediments ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizer ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Salinity Regime ◽  
Salinity Fluctuation ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

Aerobic nitrification is a fundamental nitrogen biogeochemical process that links the oxidation of ammonia to the removal of fixed nitrogen in eutrophicated water bodies. However, in estuarine environments there is an enormous variability of water physicochemical parameters that can affect the ammonia oxidation biological process. For instance, it is known that salinity can affect nitrification performance, yet there is still a lack of information on the ammonia-oxidizing communities behavior facing daily salinity fluctuations. In this work, laboratory experiments using upstream and downstream estuarine sediments were performed to address this missing gap by comparing the effect of daily salinity fluctuations with constant salinity on the activity and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM). Activity and composition of AOM were assessed, respectively by using nitrogen stable isotope technique and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding analysis. Nitrification activity was negatively affected by daily salinity fluctuations in upstream sediments while no effect was observed in downstream sediments. Constant salinity regime showed clearly higher rates of nitrification in upstream sediments while a similar nitrification performance between the two salinity regimes was registered in the downstream sediments. Results also indicated that daily salinity fluctuation regime had a negative effect on both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) community’s diversity. Phylogenetically, the estuarine downstream AOM were dominated by AOA (0.92–2.09%) followed by NOB (0.99–2%), and then AOB (0.2–0.32%); whereas NOB dominated estuarine upstream sediment samples (1.4–9.5%), followed by AOA (0.27–0.51%) and AOB (0.01–0.23%). Analysis of variance identified the spatial difference between samples (downstream and upstream) as the main drivers of AOA and AOB diversity. Our study indicates that benthic AOM inhabiting different estuarine sites presented distinct plasticity toward the salinity regimes tested. These findings help to improve our understanding in the dynamics of the nitrogen cycle of estuarine systems by showing the resilience and consequently the impact of different salinity regimes on the diversity and activity of ammonia oxidizer communities.

scholarly journals Integration of measures to mitigate reactive nitrogen losses to the environment from grazed pastoral dairy systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 152 (S1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. MONAGHAN ◽  
C. A. M. DE KLEIN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mitigation Options ◽  
N Efficiency ◽  
Farm Systems ◽  
Dairy Systems ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYThe need for nitrogen (N) efficiency measures for dairy systems is as great as ever if we are to meet the challenge of increasing global production of animal-based protein while reducing N losses to the environment. The present paper provides an overview of current N efficiency and mitigation options for pastoral dairy farm systems and assesses the impact of integrating a range of these options on reactive N loss to the environment from dairy farms located in five regions of New Zealand with contrasting soil, climate and farm management attributes. Specific options evaluated were: (i) eliminating winter applications of fertilizer N, (ii) optimal reuse of farm dairy effluent, (iii) improving animal performance through better feeding and using cows with higher genetic merit, (iv) lowering dietary N concentration, (v) applying the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and (vi) restricting the duration of pasture grazing during autumn and winter. The Overseer®Nutrient Budgeting model was used to estimate N losses from representative farms that were characterized based on information obtained from detailed farmer surveys conducted in 2001 and 2009. The analysis suggests that (i) milk production increases of 7–30% were associated with increased N leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission losses of 3–30 and 0–25%, respectively; and (ii) integrating a range of strategic and tactical management and mitigation options could offset these increased N losses. The modelling analysis also suggested that the restricted autumn and winter grazing strategy resulted in some degree of pollution swapping, with reductions in N leaching loss being associated with increases in N loss via ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions from effluents captured and stored in the confinement systems. Future research efforts need to include farm systems level experimentation to validate and assess the impacts of region-specific dairy systems redesign on productivity, profit, environmental losses, practical feasibility and un-intended consequences.

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