scholarly journals Genetic Polymorphism and Zoonotic Potential ofEnterocytozoon bieneusifrom Nonhuman Primates in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1893-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Robiul Karim ◽  
Rongjun Wang ◽  
Haiju Dong ◽  
Longxian Zhang ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Japanese Macaque ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Infective Potential

ABSTRACTEnterocytozoon bieneusiis an important zoonotic pathogen. To assess the human-infective potential ofE. bieneusiin nonhuman primates (NHPs), we examined the prevalence and genotype distribution ofE. bieneusiin 23 NHP species by PCR and sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). A total of 1,386 fecal specimens from NHPs from five provinces in China were examined, andE. bieneusiwas detected in 158 (11.4%) specimens from five NHP species, including cynomolgus monkey (67.7%), rhesus macaque (8.8%), Japanese macaque (33.3%), white-headed langur (13.6%), and golden snub-nosed monkey (3.5%) (P< 0.0001). The infection rates were 70.2%, 21.5%, 8.5%, 7.5%, and 5.6% in Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi, Henan, and Sichuan Provinces, respectively (P< 0.0001). The prevalence was significantly higher in captive (13.7%) than in free-range (5.0%) animals (P< 0.0001). Altogether, 16 ITS genotypes were observed, including nine known genotypes (IV, D, Henan V, Peru8, PigEBITS7, EbpC, Peru11, BEB6, and I) and seven new genotypes (CM1 to CM7). The common genotypes included CM1, IV, and D, which were detected in 43, 31, and 30 specimens, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that seven known genotypes (but not BEB6 and I) and four new genotypes (CM1, CM2, CM3, and CM6) belonged to the previously described group 1 with zoonotic potential. Genotypes CM5 and CM7 clustered with group 2, whereas genotype CM4 did not belong to any of the previously proposed groups. It was concluded that humans and NHPs residing in the same geographical location shared the sameE. bieneusigenotypes, indicating a potential role of these animals in the zoonotic transmission ofE. bieneusi.

Identification of zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in pre-weaned Korean native calves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunwoo Hwang ◽  
Seung-Uk Shin ◽  
SuHee Kim ◽  
Ji-Hyoung Ryu ◽  
Kyoung-Seong Choi
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species of microsporidia that can infect humans and various animals worldwide. To date, information on the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi infection in cattle in the Republic of Korea is limited. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi circulating in pre-weaned Korean native calves and determine the age pattern of E. bieneusi infection and the relationship between E. bieneusi and diarrhea. Results: The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 16.9% (53/314) in pre-weaned calves by PCR. The prevalence of E. bieneusi was the highest in September (36.2%), followed by March (28.3%). E. bieneusi infection (c 2 = 5.82, P = 0.016) was associated with diarrhea in calves. The present results indicated that E. bieneusi infection was statistically associated with calf age (c 2 = 11.61, P = 0.003); the prevalence of E. bieneusi was significantly higher in calves aged 21-40 days (odds ratio = 2.90, 95% confidence interval: 1.54-5.45; P = 0.001) than in those aged 1-20 days. Interestingly, E. bieneusi infection showed an association with diarrhea only in calves aged 1-20 days (c 2 = 5.82, P = 0.010). Five genotypes, BEB4 ( n = 12), BEB8 ( n = 23), CHN6 ( n = 1), I ( n = 1), and J ( n = 16), were identified, and all these genotypes belonged to Group 2. The genotype BEB8 was the most prevalent in all age groups regardless of diarrhea. On the other hand, the genotype I was identified only in one calf aged 10 days with diarrhea. Except for CHN6, the four other genotypes were mostly observed in cattle, and all of them have zoonotic potential. Conclusions: This is the first report of the genotypes BEB4 and CHN6 in pre-weaned Korean native calves. The results revealed the presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi in pre-weaned Korean native calves, demonstrating that cattle may play an important role as a reservoir host in E. bieneusi transmission to humans.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Novel Genotypes Identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Dairy Cattle in Yunnan Province, China

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3014
Author(s):  
Hai-Yang Song ◽  
Kai-Sheng Wang ◽  
Jian-Fa Yang ◽  
Hua-Ming Mao ◽  
Li-Hua Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Dairy Buffalo ◽  
Effective Prevention Strategies ◽  
Group 1

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a fungus-like protist parasite that can cause diarrhea and enteric diseases. The infection of E. bieneusi has been reported in many host species, including cattle and humans. However, information on prevalence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi in dairy cattle in Yunnan province in China is still absent. In this study, 490 Holstein Cows and 351 dairy buffalo fecal samples were collected from three regions in Yunnan province, China. By using nest-PCR that targets the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), we found that the prevalence of E. bieneusi was 0.59% (5/841). DNA sequence analysis showed that five E. bieneusi genotypes were identified in this study, including two novel genotypes, YNDCEB-90 and YNDCEB-174, and three known genotypes (I, J, BEB4). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two novel genotypes, YNDCEB-90 and YNDCEB-174, were clustered into Group 1, representing the zoonotic potential. The remaining genotypes I, J, and BEB4, which are the most frequent genotypes of E. bieneusi infection in cattle and lead to E. bieneusi infection in humans, belonged to Group 2. Although the lower prevalence of E. bieneusi was detected in dairy cattle in Yunnan province, it indicates that dairy cattle should be considered to be one of the potential hosts for transmitting E. bieneusi to humans. These findings are important for the development of effective prevention strategies for microsporidiosis.

scholarly journals Genotyping and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cattle farmed in Hainan Province, the southernmost region of China

Parasite ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Xin-Li Zheng ◽  
Huan-Huan Zhou ◽  
Gangxu Ren ◽  
Tian-Ming Ma ◽  
Zong-Xi Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Hainan Province ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genotype Identification ◽  
Intestinal Pathogen ◽  
Important Host ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an intestinal pathogen that infects a wide range of species, including humans. Cattle constitute an important host for E. bieneusi; however, there is a scarcity of information on the prevalence and genotyping of E. bieneusi in cattle in the Hainan Province of China. In this study, PCR analysis of 314 fecal samples from cattle in six cities of Hainan was performed for genotype identification. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi in these animals was 9.9% (31/314), and ranged from 0.0% (0/12) to 20.5% (8/39). Five known genotypes – EbpC (n = 14), BEB4 (n = 12), J (n = 2), I (n = 1), and CHG5 (n = 1) – and a novel genotype: HNC-I (n = 1) – were identified. Genotypes EbpC and HNC-I were placed in zoonotic Group 1, and the remaining four genotypes (BEB4, J, I, and CHG5) were placed in Group 2. Since 93.5% of the genotypes found in the cattle (29/31) (EbpC, BEB4, J, and I) have previously been found in humans, these genotypes are probably involved in the transmission of microsporidiosis to humans.

On everyday academic research

2017 ◽  
pp. 98-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tirole
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
The Common ◽  
Verification Of Models ◽  
Science And Research

In the fourth chapter of the book “The economy of the common good”, the nature of economics as a science and research practices in their theoretical and empirical aspects are discussed. The author considers the processes of modeling, empirical verification of models and evaluation of research quality. In addition, the features of economic cognition and the role of mathematics in economic research are analyzed, including the example of relevant research in game theory and information theory.

Contemplative Principles of a Non-dual Praxis: the Unmediated Practices of the Tibetan ‘Heart Essence’ (sNying thig) Tradition

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-240
Author(s):  
Eran Laish
Keyword(s):  
Contemplative Practice ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
The Common

This article focuses on the main contemplative principles of the ‘Heart Essence’ (sNying thig), a Tibetan Buddhist tradition that is characterized by a vision of non-duality and primordial wholeness. Due to this vision, which asserts an original reality that is not divided into perceiving subject and perceived object, the ‘Heart Essence’ advocates a contemplative practice that undermines the usual intuitions of temporality and enclosed selfhood. Hence, unlike the common principles of intentional praxis, such as deliberate concentration and gradual purification, the ‘Heart Essence’ affirms four contemplative principles of non-objectiveness, openness, spontaneity and singleness. As these principles transcend intentionality, temporality, and multiplicity, they are seen to directly disclose the nature of primordial awareness, in which the meanings of knowing and being are radically transformed. Therefore, the article will also consider the role of these non-dual contemplative principles in deeply changing our understanding of being and knowing alike.

Genetic predictors for symptoms recurrenсe in coronary artery disease after percutaneous coronary intervention

2017 ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Г.А. Березовская ◽  
Е.С. Клокова ◽  
Н.Н. Петрищев
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Folate Metabolism ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Polymorphic Markers ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Artery Disease

Гены тромбообразования и фолатного обмена играют важную роль в развитии и прогрессии ишемической болезни сердца (ИБС). Однако о возможной роли полиморфных маркеров в рецидиве ИБС после чрескожного коронарного вмешательства (ЧКВ) известно недостаточно. Цель исследования: Оценить роль генетических факторов системы тромбообразования и фолатного обмена (полиморфных маркеров генов F5, F2, F13A1, PAI1, HPA1, MTHFR, FGB ), в возобновление клиники ИБС после ЧКВ. Методика: Исследование проводили с использованием выборки из 90 больных ИБС в возрасте от 40 до 75 лет: 75 пациентов после планового ЧКВ (60 мужчин и 15 женщин) и 15 лиц после экстренного ЧКВ (12 мужчин и 3 женщины). Молекулярно-генетическое исследование было выполнено с помощью комплекта реагентов «Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания СтрипМетод»® (ViennaLab Diagnostics GmbH, Австрия), выявляющие следующие варианты: F5, F2, F13A1, PAI1, HPA1, MTHFR, FGB . Результаты: В результате исследования была показана ассоциация полиморфного маркера G103T ( Val34Leu ) гена F13A1 (фактор свертываемости крови 13, субъединица A1) с развитием рецидивирующего состояния ИБС после ЧКВ. Выявлены статистически значимые различия в распределении частот генотипов полиморфного маркера Val34Leu гена F13A1 . Показано, что частота генотипа Val/Val у пациентов с осложнениями была выше, чем у пациентов без таковых: 0,700 и 0,400 соответственно (c = 7,78; p = 0,020), при этом генотип Val/Val проявил себя как фактор риска развития осложнений: ОШ = 3,50 (95%ДИ 1,37-8,93). При сравнении аллелей выявили, что частота аллеля L у больных с осложнениями была ниже, чем у лиц без таковых: 0,167 и 0,375 соответственно (p = 0,004), и носительство аллеля L уменьшало вероятность развития осложнений: ОШ = 0,33 (95%ДИ 0,15-0,72). Заключение: Носительство варианта 34V гена F13A1 , кодирующего A-субъединицу фактора свёртывания 13, предрасполагает к возобновлению клинических проявлений ИБС после ЧКВ. Genes of thrombosis and folate metabolism play an important role in development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, a possible role of polymorphic markers in CAD relapse following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not sufficiently understood. Background. Reports have indicated an association of genetic factors generally related with thrombophilia and recurrence of symptoms for coronary artery disease (CAD) following a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) due to restenosis and in-stent thrombosis. However, the relapse can also be caused by progression of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in unoperated blood vessels. Aim: To assess the role of genetic risk factors involved in thrombosis and folate metabolism (polymorphic markers of F5, F2, F13A1, PAI1, HPA1, MTHFR, and FGB genes) in recurrence of CAD symptoms after PCI. Methods: The study included 90 patients with CAD aged 40-75; 75 of these patients had undergone elective PCI (60 men and 15 women) and 15 patients - emergency PCI (12 men and 3 women). Molecular genetic tests were performed using a CVD StripAssays® reagent kit (ViennaLab Diagnostics GmbH, Austria) to identify the following genetic variations: F5, F2, F13A1, PAI1, HPA1, MTHFR, and FGB . Results: The study results showed a significant association of the G103T ( Val34Leu ) polymorphism in the F13A1 gene with relapses of IHD after PCI. Significant differences were found in genotype distribution frequencies of the Val34Leu polymorphism in the F13A1 gene. The frequency of Val / Val genotype was higher in patients with complications than without complications, 0.700 and 0.400, respectively (c = 7.78, p = 0.020). Furthermore, the Val/Val genotype can be classified as a risk factor for complications (OR = 3.50; 95% CI, 1.37-8.93). The L allele frequency was lower in patients with complications than in those without complications (0.167 and 0.375, respectively, p = 0.004), and carriage of the L allele reduced the likelihood of complications (OR = 0.33; 95% CI 0.15-0.72). Conclusion: Carriage of the 34V variant in the F13A1 gene that encodes the coagulation factor XIII A subunit predisposes to a relapse of CAD symptoms after PCI.

Charles de Gaulle and European Community

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
David Ramiro Troitino ◽  
Tanel Kerikmae ◽  
Olga Shumilo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
European Community ◽  
World War ◽  
Charles De Gaulle ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Post War ◽  
De Gaulle

This article highlights the role of Charles de Gaulle in the history of united post-war Europe, his approaches to the internal and foreign French policies, also vetoing the membership of the United Kingdom in the European Community. The authors describe the emergence of De Gaulle as a politician, his uneasy relationship with Roosevelt and Churchill during World War II, also the roots of developing a “nationalistic” approach to regional policy after the end of the war. The article also considers the emergence of the Common Agricultural Policy (hereinafter - CAP), one of Charles de Gaulle’s biggest achievements in foreign policy, and the reasons for the Fouchet Plan defeat.

“There is such a situation that Comrade Svoboda is under pressure”. The Soviet leadership and the settlement of relations with Czechoslovakia. May 1969

2019 ◽  
pp. 512-519
Author(s):  
Teymur Dzhalilov ◽  
Nikita Pivovarov
Keyword(s):  
Central Committee ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Political ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

The published document is a part of the working record of The Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee on May 5, 1969. The employees of The Common Department of the CPSU Central Committee started writing such working records from the end of 1965. In contrast to the protocols, the working notes include speeches of the secretaries of the Central Committee, that allow to deeper analyze the reactions of the top party leadership, to understand their position regarding the political agenda. The peculiarity of the published document is that the Secretariat of the Central Committee did not deal with the most important foreign policy issues. It was the responsibility of the Politburo. However, it was at a meeting of the Secretariat of the Central Committee when Brezhnev raised the question of inviting G. Husák to Moscow. The latter replaced A. Dubček as the first Secretary of the Communist party of Czechoslovakia in April 1969. As follows from the document, Leonid Brezhnev tried to solve this issue at a meeting of the Politburo, but failed. However, even at the Secretariat of the Central Committee the Leonid Brezhnev’s initiative at the invitation of G. Husák was not supported. The published document reveals to us not only new facets in the mechanisms of decision-making in the CPSU Central Committee, the role of the Secretary General in this process, but also reflects the acute discussions within the Soviet government about the future of the world socialist systems.

The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Grossmann ◽  
Nic M. Weststrate ◽  
Monika Ardelt ◽  
Justin Peter Brienza ◽  
Mengxi Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
The Common ◽  
Empirical Approaches ◽  
And Training ◽  
Contextual Differences

Interest in wisdom in the cognitive sciences, psychology, and education has been paralleled by conceptual confusions about its nature and assessment. To clarify these issues and promote consensus in the field, wisdom researchers met in Toronto in July of 2019, resolving disputes through discussion. Guided by a survey of scientists who study wisdom-related constructs, we established a common wisdom model, observing that empirical approaches to wisdom converge on the morally-grounded application of metacognition to reasoning and problem-solving. After outlining the function of relevant metacognitive and moral processes, we critically evaluate existing empirical approaches to measurement and offer recommendations for best practices. In the subsequent sections, we use the common wisdom model to selectively review evidence about the role of individual differences for development and manifestation of wisdom, approaches to wisdom development and training, as well as cultural, subcultural, and social-contextual differences. We conclude by discussing wisdom’s conceptual overlap with a host of other constructs and outline unresolved conceptual and methodological challenges.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document