Genotyping and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cattle farmed in Hainan Province, the southernmost region of China

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an intestinal pathogen that infects a wide range of species, including humans. Cattle constitute an important host for E. bieneusi; however, there is a scarcity of information on the prevalence and genotyping of E. bieneusi in cattle in the Hainan Province of China. In this study, PCR analysis of 314 fecal samples from cattle in six cities of Hainan was performed for genotype identification. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi in these animals was 9.9% (31/314), and ranged from 0.0% (0/12) to 20.5% (8/39). Five known genotypes – EbpC (n = 14), BEB4 (n = 12), J (n = 2), I (n = 1), and CHG5 (n = 1) – and a novel genotype: HNC-I (n = 1) – were identified. Genotypes EbpC and HNC-I were placed in zoonotic Group 1, and the remaining four genotypes (BEB4, J, I, and CHG5) were placed in Group 2. Since 93.5% of the genotypes found in the cattle (29/31) (EbpC, BEB4, J, and I) have previously been found in humans, these genotypes are probably involved in the transmission of microsporidiosis to humans.

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First report and multilocus genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from Tibetan pigs in southwestern China

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2019021 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 24 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Run Luo ◽

Leiqiong Xiang ◽

Haifeng Liu ◽

Zhijun Zhong ◽

Li Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pcr Amplification ◽

Its Region ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Southwestern China ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

Age Group ◽

Tibetan Pig ◽

Tibetan Pigs ◽

Intestinal Pathogen ◽

Group 1

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common intestinal pathogen in a variety of animals. While E. bieneusi genotypes have become better-known, there are few reports on its prevalence in the Tibetan pig. This study investigated the prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in the Tibetan pig in southwestern China. Tibetan pig feces (266 samples) were collected from three sites in the southwest of China. Feces were subjected to PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in 83 (31.2%) of Tibetan pigs from the three different sites, with 25.4% in Kangding, 56% in Yaan, and 26.7% in Qionglai. Prevalence varies according to age group, from 24.4% (age 0–1 years) to 44.4% (age 1–2 years). Four genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified: two known genotypes EbpC (n = 58), Henan-IV (n = 24) and two novel genotypes, SCT01 and SCT02 (one of each). We compare our results with a compilation of published results on the host range and geographical distribution of E. bieneusi genotypes in China. Phylogenetic analysis showed these four genotypes clustered to group 1 with zoonotic potential. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of three microsatellites (MS1, MS3, MS7) and one minisatellite (MS4) was successful in 47, 48, 23 and 47 positive specimens and identified 10, 10, 5 and 5 genotypes at four loci, respectively. This study indicates the potential danger of E. bieneusi to Tibetan pigs in southwestern China, and offers basic advice for preventing and controlling infections.

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First report and multilocus genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from Tibetan pigs in southwestern China

10.1101/327767 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Run Luo ◽

Leiqiong Xiang ◽

Haifeng Liu ◽

Zhijun Zhong ◽

Li Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pcr Amplification ◽

Its Region ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Southwestern China ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

Tibetan Pig ◽

Enteric Diseases ◽

Tibetan Pigs ◽

Intestinal Pathogen ◽

Group 1

AbstractEnterocytozoon bieneusi is a common intestinal pathogen and a major cause of diarrhea and enteric diseases in a variety of animals. While the E. bieneusi genotype has become better-known, there are few reports on its prevalence in the Tibetan pig. This study investigated the prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in the Tibetan pig in southwestern China. Tibetan pig feces (266 samples) were collected from three sites in the southwest of China. Feces were subjected to PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. E. bieneusi was detected in 83 (31.2%) of Tibetan pigs from the three different sites, with 25.4% in Kangding, 56% in Yaan and 26.7% in Qionglai. Age group demonstrated the prevalence of E. bieneusi range from 24.4%(aged 0 to 1 years) to 44.4%(aged 1 to 2 years). Four genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified: two known genotypes EbpC (n=58), Henan-IV (n=24) and two novel genotypes, SCT01 and SCT02 (one of each). Phylogenetic analysis showed these four genotypes clustered to group 1 with zoonotic potential. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis three microsatellites (MS1, MS3, MS7) and one minisatellite (MS4) revealed 47, 48, 23 and 47 positive specimens were successfully sequenced, and identified ten, ten, five and five genotypes at four loci, respectively. This study indicates the potential danger of E. bieneusi to Tibetan pigs in southwestern China, and offers basic data for preventing and controlling infections.

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Record of New Genotypes of Enterocytozoon Bieneusi in Wild Populations of Rhesus Macaque (Macaca Mulatta) in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-885657/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mengshi Yu ◽

Xue Liu ◽

Fazal Karim ◽

Meng Xie ◽

Jiayun Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rhesus Macaque ◽

Rhesus Macaques ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

The Novel ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Wide Range ◽

Its Gene ◽

Group 5 ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen with a wide range of animal host. In China, there are only a few reports of E. bieneusi infection in wild populations of Rhesus macaque. Here, we determined the prevalence of E. bieneusi in 9 populations of Rhesus macaque and assessed their zoonotic potential.Methods: A total of 324 fecal samples of Rhesus macaque were collected from 9 populations in 5 provinces (Sichuan, Chongqing, Qinghai, Tibet and Hainan) in China, and performed genotype of ITS gene to analyze the zoonotic potential.Results: 38 of the 324 (11.72%) specimens from wild Rhesus macaques were infected with E. bieneusi. 11 genotypes were identified including 3 known genotypes: D (n= 24), EbpC (n= 4) and SCC-2 (n= 1); 8 novel genotypes named Mul6 (n= 1), Mul7 (n= 1), Mul8 (n= 1), Mul9 (n= 1), Mul10 (n= 2), Mul11 (n= 1), Mul12 (n= 1) and Mul13 (n= 1). According to the phylogenetic analysis, Mul6, Mul7, Mul8, Mul9, Mul11 Mul12 and Mul13 were clustered into Group 1, while Mul10 were clustered into Group 5.Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in several wild populations of Rhesus macaque in China. It is concluded that, population of Rhesus Macaques is likely to prone of E. bieneusi transmission in many regions of China, which found the zoonotic genotypes D and EbpC and the novel genotypes with zoonotic potential, it should be paid more attention to prevent.

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Cross-Reactivity of Drug-Dependent Antibodies in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia Induced By Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2019-131375 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 2350-2350

Author(s):

Matthew John Slaught ◽

Daniel W. Bougie ◽

Richard H. Aster

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Immune Thrombocytopenia ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Cross Reactions ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

Wide Range ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

More than 50 beta lactam (BL) antibiotics are now in active use for treatment of a wide range of bacterial infections. BL antibiotics are among the most common drugs capable of inducing antibodies (DDAbs) that cause drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia (DITP). Most DDAbs are highly specific for the sensitizing drug but beta lactams all have a common core structure and many similarities among side groups that are added to augment potency and modify specificity, raising the possibility that a DDAb specific for one BL may cross-react with another. We studied DDAbs from 33 patients with DITP induced by 9 commonly used BL drugs to determine whether patterns of cross-reactivity exist that might influence the choice of an alternative antibiotic in a patient with BL-induced DITP. DDAbs were demonstrated in a flow cytometric assay considered to be "positive" when immunoglobulins in patient serum but not normal serum react with normal platelets in the presence, but not in the absence of drug (Blood 2018;131:1486). DDAbs detected in the 33 patients were specific for 9 different BL drugs that were divided into two groups, "penicillins" (Group 1) and cephalosporins (Group 2) on the basis of structural similarities (Figure 1). In Group 1 were 19 DDAbs specific for amoxicillin (2), nafcillin (4) and piperacillin (13). Structurally similar ampicillin and penicillin were also tested with these abs. In Group 2 were 14 DDAbs specific for cefadroxil (1), cefepime (2), ceftazidime (2), ceftizoxime (1), ceftriaxone (7) and cephalexin 1). Cross-reactions identified within these groups of DDAbs are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Cross-reactions, many quite strong (S) were observed among DDAbs specific for drugs in both structural groups (Tables 1 and 2). Particularly noteworthy were cross-reactions of the 19 Group 1 DDAbs with ampicillin (6) and penicillin (6) (Table 1) and of the 14 Group 2 DDAbs with cefepime (6), ceftizoxazole (6) and ceftriaxone (3) (Table 2). The findings show that platelet-specific DDAbs induced by beta lactam antibiotics, in contrast with those induced by medications like quinine, sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin, commonly cross-react with other antibiotics of this class. In patients with immune thrombocytopenia induced by a beta lactam antibiotic, it may be prudent to avoid switching to another beta lactam or, if this is necessary, to monitor platelet counts carefully. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Perfusion ◽

10.1177/0267659118772455 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 562-567 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gardner Yost ◽

Geetha Bhat ◽

Patroklos Pappas ◽

Antone Tatooles

Keyword(s):

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽

Myocardial Damage ◽

Neutrophil Infiltration ◽

Neutrophil To Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Membrane Oxygenation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Introduction: The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has proven to be a robust predictor of mortality in a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the predictive value of the NLR in patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) systems. Methods: This study included 107 patients who underwent ECMO implantation for cardiogenic shock. Median preoperative NLR was used to divide the cohort, with Group 1 NLR <14.2 and Group 2 with NLR ≥14.2. Survival, the primary outcome, was compared between groups. Results: The study cohort was composed of 64 (60%) males with an average age 53.1 ± 14.9 years. Patients in Group 1 had an average NLR of 7.5 ± 3.5 compared to 27.1 ± 19.9 in Group 2. Additionally, those in Group 2 had significantly higher preoperative blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and age. Survival analysis indicated a thirty-day survival of 56.2%, with significantly worsened mortality in patients with NLR greater than 14.2, p=0.047. Discussion: Our study shows the NLR has prognostic value in patients undergoing ECMO implantation. Leukocytes are known contributors to myocardial damage and neutrophil infiltration is associated with damage caused by myocardial ischemia.

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Identification of zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in pre-weaned Korean native calves

10.21203/rs.2.22405/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sunwoo Hwang ◽

Seung-Uk Shin ◽

SuHee Kim ◽

Ji-Hyoung Ryu ◽

Kyoung-Seong Choi

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Age Groups ◽

Common Species ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Reservoir Host ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

Genotype I ◽

The Republic ◽

Group 2 ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species of microsporidia that can infect humans and various animals worldwide. To date, information on the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi infection in cattle in the Republic of Korea is limited. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi circulating in pre-weaned Korean native calves and determine the age pattern of E. bieneusi infection and the relationship between E. bieneusi and diarrhea. Results: The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 16.9% (53/314) in pre-weaned calves by PCR. The prevalence of E. bieneusi was the highest in September (36.2%), followed by March (28.3%). E. bieneusi infection (c 2 = 5.82, P = 0.016) was associated with diarrhea in calves. The present results indicated that E. bieneusi infection was statistically associated with calf age (c 2 = 11.61, P = 0.003); the prevalence of E. bieneusi was significantly higher in calves aged 21-40 days (odds ratio = 2.90, 95% confidence interval: 1.54-5.45; P = 0.001) than in those aged 1-20 days. Interestingly, E. bieneusi infection showed an association with diarrhea only in calves aged 1-20 days (c 2 = 5.82, P = 0.010). Five genotypes, BEB4 ( n = 12), BEB8 ( n = 23), CHN6 ( n = 1), I ( n = 1), and J ( n = 16), were identified, and all these genotypes belonged to Group 2. The genotype BEB8 was the most prevalent in all age groups regardless of diarrhea. On the other hand, the genotype I was identified only in one calf aged 10 days with diarrhea. Except for CHN6, the four other genotypes were mostly observed in cattle, and all of them have zoonotic potential. Conclusions: This is the first report of the genotypes BEB4 and CHN6 in pre-weaned Korean native calves. The results revealed the presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi in pre-weaned Korean native calves, demonstrating that cattle may play an important role as a reservoir host in E. bieneusi transmission to humans.

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Genetic Polymorphism and Zoonotic Potential ofEnterocytozoon bieneusifrom Nonhuman Primates in China

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.03845-13 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 80 (6) ◽

pp. 1893-1898 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

Md Robiul Karim ◽

Rongjun Wang ◽

Haiju Dong ◽

Longxian Zhang ◽

Jian Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Japanese Macaque ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

Genotype Distribution ◽

The Common ◽

Group 2 ◽

Infective Potential

ABSTRACTEnterocytozoon bieneusiis an important zoonotic pathogen. To assess the human-infective potential ofE. bieneusiin nonhuman primates (NHPs), we examined the prevalence and genotype distribution ofE. bieneusiin 23 NHP species by PCR and sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). A total of 1,386 fecal specimens from NHPs from five provinces in China were examined, andE. bieneusiwas detected in 158 (11.4%) specimens from five NHP species, including cynomolgus monkey (67.7%), rhesus macaque (8.8%), Japanese macaque (33.3%), white-headed langur (13.6%), and golden snub-nosed monkey (3.5%) (P< 0.0001). The infection rates were 70.2%, 21.5%, 8.5%, 7.5%, and 5.6% in Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi, Henan, and Sichuan Provinces, respectively (P< 0.0001). The prevalence was significantly higher in captive (13.7%) than in free-range (5.0%) animals (P< 0.0001). Altogether, 16 ITS genotypes were observed, including nine known genotypes (IV, D, Henan V, Peru8, PigEBITS7, EbpC, Peru11, BEB6, and I) and seven new genotypes (CM1 to CM7). The common genotypes included CM1, IV, and D, which were detected in 43, 31, and 30 specimens, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that seven known genotypes (but not BEB6 and I) and four new genotypes (CM1, CM2, CM3, and CM6) belonged to the previously described group 1 with zoonotic potential. Genotypes CM5 and CM7 clustered with group 2, whereas genotype CM4 did not belong to any of the previously proposed groups. It was concluded that humans and NHPs residing in the same geographical location shared the sameE. bieneusigenotypes, indicating a potential role of these animals in the zoonotic transmission ofE. bieneusi.

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Zoonotic and Potentially Host-Adapted Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in Sheep and Cattle in Northeast China and an Increasing Concern about the Zoonotic Importance of Previously Considered Ruminant-Adapted Genotypes

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00328-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 81 (10) ◽

pp. 3326-3335 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Yanxue Jiang ◽

Wei Tao ◽

Qiang Wan ◽

Qiao Li ◽

Yuqi Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Northeast China ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Central China ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Content Type ◽

Domestic Ruminants ◽

Genetic Clusters ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

ABSTRACTThis study investigated fecal specimens from 489 sheep and 537 cattle in multiple cities in northeast China for the prevalence and genetic characteristics ofEnterocytozoon bieneusiby PCR and sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. Sixty-eight sheep specimens (13.9%) and 32 cattle specimens (6.0%) were positive forE. bieneusi. Sequence polymorphisms enabled the identification of 9 known genotypes (BEB4, BEB6, CM7, CS-4, EbpC, G, I, J, and OEB1) and 11 new genotypes (NESH1 to NESH6 and NECA1 to NECA5). The genotypes formed two genetic clusters in a phylogenetic analysis, with CS-4, EbpC, G, NESH1 to NESH3, and NECA1 to NECA5 distributed in zoonotic group 1 and BEB4, BEB6, CM7, EbpI, J, OEB1, and NESH4 to NESH6 distributed in potentially host-adapted group 2. Nearly 70% of cases ofE. bieneusiinfections in sheep were contributed by human-pathogenic genotypes BEB6, CS-4, and EbpC, and over 80% of those in cattle were by genotypes BEB4, CS-4, EbpC, I, and J. The cooccurrence of genotypes BEB4, CS-4, EbpC, I, and J in domestic ruminants and children in northeast China and the identification of BEB6 and EbpC in humans and water in central China imply the possibility of zoonotic transmission. This study also summarizesE. bieneusigenotypes obtained from ruminants worldwide and displays their host ranges, geographical distributions, and phylogenetic relationships. The data suggest a host range expansion in some group 2 genotypes (notably BEB4, BEB6, I, and J) that were previously considered to be adapted to ruminants. We should be concerned about the increasing zoonotic importance of group 2 genotypes with low host specificity.

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Psychophysical Olfactory Tests and Detection of COVID-19 in Patients With Sudden Onset Olfactory Dysfunction: A Prospective Study

Ear Nose & Throat Journal ◽

10.1177/0145561320929169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 (9) ◽

pp. 579-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jerome R. Lechien ◽

Pierre Cabaraux ◽

Carlos M. Chiesa-Estomba ◽

Mohamad Khalife ◽

Jan Plzak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Patient Reported Outcome ◽

Sudden Onset ◽

Olfactory Dysfunction ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Group 2 ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Group 1

Objective: To investigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) status of patients with initial sudden olfactory anosmia (ISOA) through nasopharyngeal swabs for reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and to explore their olfactory dysfunctions with psychophysical olfactory evaluation. Methods: A total of 78 ISOA patients were recruited from April 6, 2020, to April 10, 2020, through a public call of University of Mons (Mons, Belgium). Patients benefited from nasopharyngeal swabs and fulfilled the patient-reported outcome questionnaire. Among them, 46 patients performed psychophysical olfactory evaluation using olfactory identification testing. Based on the duration of the ISOA, 2 groups of patients were compared: patients with olfactory dysfunction duration ≤12 days (group 1) and those with duration >12 days (group 2). Results: In group 1, 42 patients (87.5%) had a positive viral load determined by RT-PCR and 6 patients (12.5%) were negative. In group 2, 7 patients (23%) had a positive viral load and 23 patients (77%) were negative. The psychophysical olfactory evaluation reported that anosmia and hyposmia occurred in 24 (52%) and 11 (24%) patients, respectively. Eleven patients were normosmic. The viral load was significantly higher in patients of group 1 compared with those of group 2. Conclusions: Coronavirus disease 2019 was detected in a high proportion of ISOA patients, especially over the first 12 days of olfactory dysfunction. Anosmia is an important symptom to consider in the detection of COVID-19 infection.

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Genotype identification and phylogenetic analysis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed black goats (Capra hircus) from China’s Hainan Province

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2019064 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 62 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Huan-Huan Zhou ◽

Xin-Li Zheng ◽

Tian-Ming Ma ◽

Meng Qi ◽

Zong-Xi Cao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Close Contact ◽

Its Region ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Capra Hircus ◽

Hainan Province ◽

Minimal Risk ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Its Gene ◽

Group 2

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an important pathogen commonly found in humans and animals. Farmed animals with close contact to humans are important hosts of E. bieneusi. The role of goats in the transmission of E. bieneusi, however, remains unclear. In this study, 341 fresh fecal samples of black goats were collected from five locations in Hainan Province, China. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped by sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by constructing a neighbor-joining tree of the ITS gene sequences. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi in black goats was 24.0% (82/341) with rates ranging from 6.3% (4/63) to 37.2% (32/86) across the locations (χ2 = 17.252, p < 0.01). Eight genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified, including six known genotypes: CHG5 (n = 47); CHG3 (n = 23); CHG2 (n = 4); CM21 (n = 3); D (n = 2); and AHG1 (n = 1), and two novel genotypes termed HNG-I (n = 1) and HNG-II (n = 1). In the phylogenetic tree, genotype D was clustered into Group 1 and the other identified genotypes were included in Group 2. This represents the first report identifying E. bieneusi in black goats from Hainan Province, with a high prevalence and wide occurrence demonstrated. The two new genotypes identified provide additional insights into the genotypic variations in E. bieneusi. Due to the small percentage of zoonotic genotypes in these animals, there is minimal risk of zoonotic transmission of E. bieneusi.

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