scholarly journals Linking Toluene Degradation with Specific Microbial Populations in Soil

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 5403-5408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Hanson ◽  
Jennifer L. Macalady ◽  
David Harris ◽  
Kate M. Scow
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Toluene Degradation ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Isotope Tracer ◽  
Plfa Analysis

ABSTRACT Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis of a soil microbial community was coupled with 13C isotope tracer analysis to measure the community’s response to addition of 35 μg of [13C]toluene ml of soil solution−1. After 119 h of incubation with toluene, 96% of the incorporated13C was detected in only 16 of the total 59 PLFAs (27%) extracted from the soil. Of the total 13C-enriched PLFAs, 85% were identical to the PLFAs contained in a toluene-metabolizing bacterium isolated from the same soil. In contrast, the majority of the soil PLFAs (91%) became labeled when the same soil was incubated with [13C]glucose. Our study showed that coupling13C tracer analysis with PLFA analysis is an effective technique for distinguishing a specific microbial population involved in metabolism of a labeled substrate in complex environments such as soil.

Soil microbial populations, activity, and community structure in continuous corn or forage systems under organic or inorganic fertilization in eastern Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lalande ◽  
B. Gagnon ◽  
R. A. Chapman ◽  
G. M. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Hog Manure

Succession of soil microbial communities proceeds interdependently with crop development under the control of edaphic, agricultural, and climatic conditions. Soil microbial community composition and activity were characterized in two managed cropping systems (continuous corn or mixed forage) receiving liquid hog manure (LHM) or inorganic fertilization (IF) since 1989. Microbial community composition was determined from patterns of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA). Soil microbial biomass C, enzymatic activity, and total phospholipids were greater under forage than under continuous corn. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a high degree of variation in PLFA composition and microbial community structure due to treatments and time of sampling. The first two PCA axes explained 80 to 90% of the variability on all sampling dates. Two main groups were created along the first component, the first comprising all forage treatments and a second with LHM-treated continuous corn. The IF and control-treated continuous corn were differentiated from all others on the second component. All groups were characterized by specific microbial communities. The most significant shift in specific groups of fatty acids was caused by LHM addition to continuous corn, especially due to the relative abundance of the fungal fatty acid 18:29,12. Our findings indicated that the addition of organic materials, rich in available C and N, induced development of diverse microbial populations, which can be successfully monitored by phospholipid fatty acid prof iles. Key words: Microbial community, phospholipid fatty acid profiles, hog manure, corn, forage

scholarly journals Comparison of Drivers of Soil Microbial Communities Developed in Karst Ecosystems with Shallow and Deep Soil Depths

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Huiling Guan ◽  
Jiangwen Fan ◽  
Haiyan Zhang ◽  
Warwick Harris
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Karst Ecosystems

Soil erosion is prevalent in karst areas, but few studies have compared the differences in the drivers for soil microbial communities among karst ecosystems with different soil depths, and most studies have focused on the local scale. To fill this research gap, we investigated the upper 20 cm soil layers of 10 shallow–soil depth (shallow–SDC, total soil depth less than 100 cm) and 11 deep–soil depth communities (deep–SDC, total soil depth more than 100 cm), covering a broad range of vegetation types, soils, and climates. The microbial community characteristics of both the shallow–SDC and deep–SDC soils were tested by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFAs) analysis, and the key drivers of the microbial communities were illustrated by forward selection and variance partitioning analysis. Our findings demonstrated that more abundant soil nutrients supported higher fungal PLFA in shallow–SDC than in deep–SDC (p < 0.05). Furthermore, stronger correlation between the microbial community and the plant–soil system was found in shallow–SDC: the pure plant effect explained the 43.2% of variance in microbial biomass and 57.8% of the variance in the ratio of Gram–positive bacteria to Gram–negative bacteria (G+/G−), and the ratio of fungi to total bacteria (F/B); the pure soil effect accounted for 68.6% variance in the microbial diversity. The ratio of microbial PLFA cyclopropyl to precursors (Cy/Pr) and the ratio of saturated PLFA to monounsaturated PLFA (S/M) as indicators of microbial stress were controlled by pH, but high pH was not conducive to microorganisms in this area. Meanwhile, Cy/Pr in all communities was >0.1, indicating that microorganisms were under environmental stress. Therefore, the further ecological restoration of degraded karst communities is needed to improve their microbial communities.

scholarly journals Microbial Population Changes during Bioremediation of an Experimental Oil Spill

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 3566-3574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. MacNaughton ◽  
John R. Stephen ◽  
Albert D. Venosa ◽  
Gregory A. Davis ◽  
Yun-Juan Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Community Structures ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Dgge Analysis ◽  
16S Rdna Pcr ◽  
Microbial Community Structures ◽  
Plfa Analysis

ABSTRACT Three crude oil bioremediation techniques were applied in a randomized block field experiment simulating a coastal oil spill. Four treatments (no oil control, oil alone, oil plus nutrients, and oil plus nutrients plus an indigenous inoculum) were applied. In situ microbial community structures were monitored by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and 16S rDNA PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to (i) identify the bacterial community members responsible for the decontamination of the site and (ii) define an end point for the removal of the hydrocarbon substrate. The results of PLFA analysis demonstrated a community shift in all plots from primarily eukaryotic biomass to gram-negative bacterial biomass with time. PLFA profiles from the oiled plots suggested increased gram-negative biomass and adaptation to metabolic stress compared to unoiled controls. DGGE analysis of untreated control plots revealed a simple, dynamic dominant population structure throughout the experiment. This banding pattern disappeared in all oiled plots, indicating that the structure and diversity of the dominant bacterial community changed substantially. No consistent differences were detected between nutrient-amended and indigenous inoculum-treated plots, but both differed from the oil-only plots. Prominent bands were excised for sequence analysis and indicated that oil treatment encouraged the growth of gram-negative microorganisms within the α-proteobacteria andFlexibacter-Cytophaga-Bacteroides phylum. α-Proteobacteria were never detected in unoiled controls. PLFA analysis indicated that by week 14 the microbial community structures of the oiled plots were becoming similar to those of the unoiled controls from the same time point, but DGGE analysis suggested that major differences in the bacterial communities remained.

Soil bulk density effects on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities during the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) planted in large pots under field exposure

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Li ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
T. Q. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Plant Growth Stages

Soil compaction associated with inappropriate maneuvering of field equipment, and/or modern cropping system negatively affect soil physical properties, and thus, may limit microbial activities and biochemical processes, which are important to nutrient bioavailability. An experiment was carried out using the pot-culture technique to determine the effect of bulk density on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities in an Eutric Cambisol sandy loam soil (United Nations’ classification) planted with maize (Zea mays L.) in the Experimental Farm of Henan Agricultural University, Henan, China (34°49′N, 113°40′E). Numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes and the enzyme activities of invertase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, urease, protease, and phosphatase were determined at various stages during the plant growing season. Microbial numbers were negatively and linearly related to soil bulk density. With increases in soil bulk density from 1.00 to 1.60 Mg m-3, total numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes declined by 26-39%. The strongest correlations between the soil microbial population and bulk density occurred at the plant growth stages of the 6 fully expanded leaf (V6) and anthesis (R1), with R2 > 0.90 (P< 0.01) for all three microorganism categories. Increasing soil bulk density was related quadratically to the activities of soil invertase and polyphenol oxidase, protease and catalase. It appears that the greatest activities of most soil enzymes occurred at a bulk density of 1.0 to 1.3 Mg m-3, which are optimum for most field crops. The plant growth stages also had an important impact on soil enzyme activities and microbial populations, with strong positive associations between soil microorganisms and enzyme activities with crop growth. Key words: Maize, soil enzymes, microbial population, soil compaction, bulk density, Zea mays

Impact of Humics and Plants on Microbial Community and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation in Contaminated Soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Hai Hua Jiao ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Jian Gang Pan ◽  
De Cai Jin ◽  
Zhan Bin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Soil Microbial Community ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

A greenhouse pot experiment, in which 3 different crops (wheat, cabbage, spinach) were cultivated in soil with and without humics (HS), was conducted to evaluate the effect of HS on soil microbiological properties. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles were analyzed to reveal the microbial community structure. As a measure of the functional activity of soil microbial community, the ratio of degraded to total petroleum hydrocarbon in soil was estimated. The results indicated that HS had an important effect on the soil microbial community and its functional activities. First, the principal component analysis (PCA) of the PLFA signatures revealed marked changes between soil with HS and without HS. In addition, the total amount and the profile of PLFA were significantly different between the untreated and HS-amended soils. Using PLFA patterns as a biomarker, it was found that gram-positive bacteria (G+) were more sensitive to HS than gram-negative bacteria (G-), and the biomass of G+ was higher in soil with HS than in that without HS. Second, the crop could stimulate the growth of soil microorganisms; however, the differences depended clearly on the crop species. The G+ and G- biomass was increased in spinach soil containing HS, but was decreased in wheat and cabbage soils. The population of fungi was increased in wheat and spinach soils containing HS, but was decreased in cabbage soil. The population of actinomycetes was increased in cabbage soil, but was decreased in wheat and spinach soils containing HS. Third, the ratio of degraded to total petroleum hydrocarbon was also affected by the HS treatment. It was slightly increased in soil with HS treatment, but a significant change depended on the crop species. In general, fatty acids ranged from C13 to C19. In total, 25 different PLFAs were identified, including saturated (SAT), monounsaturated (MUFA), branched (BR), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) species. There was a clear difference in the PLFA composition between soils with and without HS.

scholarly journals Soil Microbial Community Structure and Target Organisms under Different Fumigation Treatments

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadikshya R. Dangi ◽  
James S. Gerik ◽  
Rebecca Tirado-Corbalá ◽  
Husein Ajwa
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Soil Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Field Samples

Producers of several high-value crops in California rely heavily on soil fumigants to control key diseases, nematodes, and weeds. Fumigants with broad biocidal activity can affect both target and nontarget soil microorganisms. The ability of nontarget soil microorganisms to recover after fumigation treatment is critical because they play an important role in sustaining the health of agricultural and natural soil systems. Fumigation trial was conducted in Parlier, CA, and the study focuses on the effects of different rates of Telone C35 and also methyl bromide fumigation with polyethylene (PE) and totally impermeable film (TIF) tarps on target and nontarget soil microorganisms using field samples. Results indicated that the populations of target organisms, such asFusarium oxysporumandPythiumspp., were reduced at all rates of fumigants. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis indicated that all major nontarget soil microbial groups such as Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were affected by methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation treatment. In general, the effects of Telone C35 (299 L/ha) under PE tarp had the least impact on microbial community structure and better effect on controlling target microorganisms and, therefore, indicated the better option among fumigation treatments.

Soil Microbial Community Structure in Tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) Garden Based on PLFA Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 82-85
Author(s):  
Dong Xue ◽  
Xiang Dong Huang ◽  
Lian Xue
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Soil Microbial Community ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Tree Peony ◽  
Soil Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Chronological Change

Understanding the chronological change in soil microbial community structure of tree peony garden ecosystem is important from ecological, environmental, and management perspectives. Soil samples were collected from three tree peony garden systems (5-, 12-, and 25-year-old tree peony gardens), and adjacent wasteland at Luoyang, Henan Province of China. Soil microbial community structure was analyzed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) method. The bacterial and actinomycete PLFAs increased from the wasteland to 5-year-old tree peony garden and then decreased from the 5- to 25-year-old tree peony garden, and the fungal PLFA first increased and then decreased with the increasing planting years, with the greatest amount found in the 12-year-old tree peony garden. The conversion from the wasteland to tree peony garden resulted in a significant increase in Shannon index, Richness, and Evenness. However, with the succeeding development of tree peony garden ecosystems, Shannon index, Richness, and Evenness decreased from the 5- to 25-year-old tree peony garden.

scholarly journals Effects of Diuron Residues on the Growth Performance of Jute (Corchorus. olitorius) Plant and Its Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Solomon A. Adejoro ◽  
Ajoke C. Adegaye ◽  
Rex D. Aladesanwa
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Population ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Corchorus Olitorius ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Soil Microbial Population

Soil applied herbicides may persist to adversely affect rotational crops as well as perturb soil microbiological functions. This experiment therefore aimed at determining the effects of soil residual activity of diuron (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea) on Corchorus olitorius plants and on soil microbial population. Diuron herbicide was applied to potted soils at varying times of 12, 9, 6, 3 and zero weeks before planting Corchorus olitorius. Seed germination, seedling mortality, plant growth as well as soil microbial populations were determined. Results indicated that diuron, regardless of time of application significantly reduced growth parameters of C. olitorius plants few days after emergence, and this was followed by 100% die-back in the herbicide treated pots. Results further showed a reduction in soil microbial population with diuron application, and the reduction was inversely related to time of diuron application before sowing C. olitorius. Sensitive vegetables such as C. olitorius should not be sown to succeed a short season crop in which diuron had been applied to control weeds at the usual recommended rate of 3.0 kg a.i/ha. Allowance of a fallow period following the first crop might also help the soil microbial community to recover from diuron toxicity.

scholarly journals Effect of Metal-Rich Sludge Amendments on the Soil Microbial Community

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erland Bååth ◽  
Montserrat Díaz-Raviña ◽  
Åsa Frostegård ◽  
Colin D. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Soil Microbial Community ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Biolog System ◽  
Community Tolerance ◽  
Dose Response Effect

ABSTRACT The effects of heavy-metal-containing sewage sludge on the soil microbial community were studied in two agricultural soils of different textures, which had been contaminated separately with three predominantly single metals (Cu, Zn, and Ni) at two different levels more than 20 years ago. We compared three community-based microbiological measurements, namely, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to reveal changes in species composition, the Biolog system to indicate metabolic fingerprints of microbial communities, and the thymidine incorporation technique to measure bacterial community tolerance. In the Luddington soil, bacterial community tolerance increased in all metal treatments compared to an unpolluted-sludge-treated control soil. Community tolerance to specific metals increased the most when the same metal was added to the soil; for example, tolerance to Cu increased most in Cu-polluted treatments. A dose-response effect was also evident. There were also indications of cotolerance to metals whose concentration had not been elevated by the sludge treatment. The PLFA pattern changed in all metal treatments, but the interpretation was complicated by the soil moisture content, which also affected the results. The Biolog measurements indicated similar effects of metals and moisture to the PLFA measurements, but due to high variation between replicates, no significant differences compared to the uncontaminated control were found. In the Lee Valley soil, significant increases in community tolerance were found for the high levels of Cu and Zn, while the PLFA pattern was significantly altered for the soils with high levels of Cu, Ni, and Zn. No effects on the Biolog measurements were found in this soil.

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