The Effect of Botanicals with Nematicidal Activity on the Structural and Functional Characteristics of the Soil Nematode Community

We investigated the effects of three botanicals with nematicidal properties (anise-Pimpinella anisum, parsley-Petroselinum crispum, and rocket-Eruca sativa) on the soil nematode community, in terms of trophic structure and nematode genera composition. We compared effects with those of fluopyram (synthetic nematicide) and Nemagold (bionematicide). We assessed the role of time, by sampling 15 and 45 days after treatments and analyzing nematode genera and microbial phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers (PLFA). Soil incorporation of botanicals reduced plant parasitic nematodes, increased bacterivores, especially the enrichment opportunists and among them Rhabditis, having no effect on fungivores and non-parasitic plant feeders. Neither the number nor the composition and dominance hierarchy of nematode genera were affected. Nemagold did not induce any significant change, while fluopyram decreased both free-living and parasitic nematodes, but with no uniform effect against all genera. The least affected genus was the fungivorous Aphelenchus. While most microbial PLFAs increased with time, the abundances of nematode genera did not change, except the Meloidogyne incognita second stage juveniles, which emerged in soil only 45 days after treatments. The low enrichment index and high channel index values of the fluopyram soil samples indicated a stressful environment. The opposite was observed in the botanical treatments, especially parsley and rocket.

n-3 Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: An Individual Participant-Level Pooling Project of 20 Prospective Cohort Studies

<b><i>Objective</i></b><b> </b>Prospective associations between omega-3 fatty acid biomarkers and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk are not consistent in individual studies. We aimed to summarize prospective associations between biomarkers of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and T2D risk through an individual participant-level pooled analysis. <p><b><i>Research Design and Methods </i></b>Our analysis incorporated data from a global consortium of 20 prospective studies from 14 countries. We included 65,147 participants who had blood measurements of ALA, EPA, DPA, or DHA and were free of diabetes at baseline.</p> <p><i>De novo</i> harmonized analyses were performed in each cohort following a pre-specified protocol and cohort-specific associations were pooled using inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis.</p> <p><b><i>Results</i></b><b> </b>A total of 16,693 incident T2D cases were identified during follow-up (median follow-up ranging from 2.5 to 21.2 years). In pooled multivariable analysis, per inter-quintile range (difference between the 90^th and 10^th percentiles for each fatty acid), EPA, DPA, DHA, and their sum were associated with lower T2D incidence, with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 0.92 (0.87, 0.96), 0.79 (0.73, 0.85), 0.82 (0.76, 0.89) and 0.81 (0.75, 0.88), respectively (all <i>P</i><0.001). ALA was not associated with T2D, 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) per inter-quintile range. Associations were robust across pre-specified subgroups as well as in sensitivity analyses. </p> <p><b><i>Conclusions </i></b><a></a><a>Higher circulating biomarkers of seafood-derived omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA, DPA, DHA, and their sum were associated with lower risk of T2D in a global consortium of prospective studies. </a>The biomarker of plant-derived ALA was not significantly associated with T2D risk. </p>

n-3 Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: An Individual Participant-Level Pooling Project of 20 Prospective Cohort Studies

<b><i>Objective</i></b><b> </b>Prospective associations between omega-3 fatty acid biomarkers and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk are not consistent in individual studies. We aimed to summarize prospective associations between biomarkers of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and T2D risk through an individual participant-level pooled analysis. <p><b><i>Research Design and Methods </i></b>Our analysis incorporated data from a global consortium of 20 prospective studies from 14 countries. We included 65,147 participants who had blood measurements of ALA, EPA, DPA, or DHA and were free of diabetes at baseline.</p> <p><i>De novo</i> harmonized analyses were performed in each cohort following a pre-specified protocol and cohort-specific associations were pooled using inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis.</p> <p><b><i>Results</i></b><b> </b>A total of 16,693 incident T2D cases were identified during follow-up (median follow-up ranging from 2.5 to 21.2 years). In pooled multivariable analysis, per inter-quintile range (difference between the 90^th and 10^th percentiles for each fatty acid), EPA, DPA, DHA, and their sum were associated with lower T2D incidence, with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 0.92 (0.87, 0.96), 0.79 (0.73, 0.85), 0.82 (0.76, 0.89) and 0.81 (0.75, 0.88), respectively (all <i>P</i><0.001). ALA was not associated with T2D, 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) per inter-quintile range. Associations were robust across pre-specified subgroups as well as in sensitivity analyses. </p> <p><b><i>Conclusions </i></b><a></a><a>Higher circulating biomarkers of seafood-derived omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA, DPA, DHA, and their sum were associated with lower risk of T2D in a global consortium of prospective studies. </a>The biomarker of plant-derived ALA was not significantly associated with T2D risk. </p>

n-3 Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: An Individual Participant-Level Pooling Project of 20 Prospective Cohort Studies

<b><i>Objective</i></b><b> </b>Prospective associations between omega-3 fatty acid biomarkers and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk are not consistent in individual studies. We aimed to summarize prospective associations between biomarkers of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and T2D risk through an individual participant-level pooled analysis. <p><b><i>Research Design and Methods </i></b>Our analysis incorporated data from a global consortium of 20 prospective studies from 14 countries. We included 65,147 participants who had blood measurements of ALA, EPA, DPA, or DHA and were free of diabetes at baseline.</p> <p><i>De novo</i> harmonized analyses were performed in each cohort following a pre-specified protocol and cohort-specific associations were pooled using inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis.</p> <p><b><i>Results</i></b><b> </b>A total of 16,693 incident T2D cases were identified during follow-up (median follow-up ranging from 2.5 to 21.2 years). In pooled multivariable analysis, per inter-quintile range (difference between the 90^th and 10^th percentiles for each fatty acid), EPA, DPA, DHA, and their sum were associated with lower T2D incidence, with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 0.92 (0.87, 0.96), 0.79 (0.73, 0.85), 0.82 (0.76, 0.89) and 0.81 (0.75, 0.88), respectively (all <i>P</i><0.001). ALA was not associated with T2D, 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) per inter-quintile range. Associations were robust across pre-specified subgroups as well as in sensitivity analyses. </p> <p><b><i>Conclusions </i></b><a></a><a>Higher circulating biomarkers of seafood-derived omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA, DPA, DHA, and their sum were associated with lower risk of T2D in a global consortium of prospective studies. </a>The biomarker of plant-derived ALA was not significantly associated with T2D risk. </p>

Fatty acid biomarkers in three key marine species of a Patagonian fjord (Yendegaia Fjord, Chile)

Fjord ecosystems are located in high latitude environments across Scandinavia, Alaska, Canada, Chile, New Zealand, and some more northerly Antarctic and Arctic environments (Freeland et al. 1980). Fjords are water bodies with variable-depth estuarine features, are highly stratified, and are influenced by tidal currents (Pickard 1961; Wassmann et al. 2000). One of the largest regions of fjords in the world is the Chilean Patagonia (from 41º to 56ºS), stretching over 241,000 Km2 with islands, channels, estuaries, bays and gulfs formed by glacial erosion over the current quaternary (Borgel 1970; Holtedahl 2006; Aracena et al. 2015). This fjord region is characterized by low concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients in surface waters, and high concentrations of nutrients supplied by sub-Antarctic ocean waters (Silva et al. 1997, 1998; Silva 2008; González et al. 2011). Stratification in the water column is a barrier that reduces the export of phytoplanktonic carbon and influences the distribution of some zooplankton groups (Ji et al. 2010; González et al. 2011; Tamelander et al. 2012). Fjords are important sites for carbon cycles and biological productivity (Wetzel 2001; González et al. 2006; Pomeroy 2006), and are sensitive to environmental and climatic changes (Overpeck et al. 1997; Svendsen et al. 2002; Whitehead et al. 2009).