scholarly journals Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dam Water and Sediment

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 5304-5308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Whittington ◽  
Ian B. Marsh ◽  
Leslie A. Reddacliff
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fecal Material ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Large Water

ABSTRACT In a previous longitudinal study, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survived for 55 weeks in fecal material in the shade, but for much shorter periods in exposed locations. In this experiment, the survival of the organism was studied in 250 liters of dam water and sediment in large water troughs that were placed in either a semiexposed location or in a shaded location and compared to survival in fecal material and soil in the shaded location. Survival in water and/or sediment in the shade was for up to 48 weeks compared to 36 weeks in the semiexposed location. Survival in sediment was 12 to 26 weeks longer than survival in the water column. Survival in soil and fecal material in the terrestrial environment in the shaded location was only 12 weeks. Although disturbance to sediment could not be ruled out as a factor, there was evidence of dormancy in both the water column and the sediment, since the organism could not be recovered for several months before again becoming detectable. The results suggest that water may be a significant reservoir of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Further research on the biology of the organism in aquatic environments is warranted. Animal health authorities will need to provide appropriate advice to farmers to minimize exposure of livestock to potentially infected water sources. Survival of the organism in water destined for human consumption will need to be addressed if the organism is found to be involved in the etiology of Crohn's disease.

scholarly journals Comparison of Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) Infection in Cattle, Sheep and Goats Following the Detection of Clinical Cases: Fact and Fiction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Pourmahdi Borujeni ◽  
Mohammad Rahim Haji Hajikolaei ◽  
Masoud Ghorbanpoor ◽  
Hamzeh Elhaei Sahar ◽  
Saeed Bagheri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Seroprevalence Rate ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Southwest Of Iran ◽  
Clinical Cases

Abstract Background: Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is chronic infectious granulomatous enteritis of ruminants, which has a worldwide occurrence. The most common symptoms of this disease in cattle are loss of milk production, weight loss, and diarrhea and in sheep and goats are emaciation, anorexia and sever disability. The aim of this study was to compare the seroprevalence of MAP in cattle, sheep and goats following the detection of clinical cases in Southwest of Iran. Blood samples were randomly collected from 530 cattle, 568 sheep and 368 goats in Southwest of Iran. Sera were tested by a commercial ELISA kit for detection of antibodies to MAP. Results: Overall apparent and true seroprevalence rate of MAP was 6% (95% CI: 4.9 – 7.3 percent) and 11.36% (95% CI: 9.87 – 13.07 percent), respectively. Apparent and true seroprevalence of MAP were 4.34% (95% CI: 2.88 – 6.46 percent) and 7.59% (95% CI: 5.61 – 10.19 percent), respectively in cattle, 6.87% (95% CI: 5.05 – 9.27 percent) and 13.34% (95% CI: 10.78 – 16.4 percent), respectively in sheep, and 7.07 %( 95% CI: 4.82 – 10.18 percent) and 13.68% (95% CI: 10.52 – 17.58 percent), respectively in goats. As a result, there was no significant relationship between species and MAP infection. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression showed that the infection rate is not associated with age, gender, and geographical location in cattle, sheep and goats (P>0.05). Conclusions: This study confirms that the seroprevalence of MAP following the detection of clinical cases is considerable in the cattle, sheep and goats in Southwest of Iran, although in cattle it is less than goats and sheep. Therefore, preventive and control measures should be considered by animal health authorities and meat and dairy processing units.

Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from Subclinical Caprine Paratuberculosis Cases of Odisha

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangram Biswal ◽  
Adya Prakash Rath ◽  
Shoor Vir Singh ◽  
Niranjana Sahoo ◽  
Saurabh Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Restriction Endonuclease Analysis ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blind Review ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Goat Population ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis

Paratuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) and is a chronic, intestinal tract infection in the ruminant sector globally. A total of 122 EDTA mixed blood samples, 121 serum and 16 pooled faecal samples were collected from farms of 4 different districts i.e. Nayagarh, Cuttack, Khordha and Angul and a blind review was conducted at the Animal Health Division, CIRG, Mathura. Microscopic examination of 16 pooled faecal samples revealed +2 reactivity to Acid-Fast Bacilli. All the serum samples were subjected to indirect ELISA. Out of them, 23 (19.01%), 85 (70.25%), shows strongly positive, positive, antibody titre respectively. EDTA blood samples of 23 ELISA-strongly positive were subjected to 413 bp IS900 PCR and 11 (9%) of them were found positive for Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP isolates were further subjected to genotyping using 608 bpIS1311 PCR and restriction endonuclease analysis (IS1311 PCR-REA) and 2 (1.64%) of them matched with “Indian Bison Type”. Genotyping of the isolates using IS1311 PCR-REA revealed that goat population of Odisha are primarily infected with “Indian Bison Type” strains.

scholarly journals Rapid and Sensitive Method To Identify Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Cow's Milk by DNA Methylase Genotyping

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 1612-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Leonor Mundo ◽  
Liliana Rosa Gilardoni ◽  
Federico José Hoffman ◽  
Osvaldo Jorge Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Incurable Disease ◽  
Dna Methylase ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis

ABSTRACTParatuberculosis is an infectious, chronic, and incurable disease that affects ruminants, caused byMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis. This bacterium is shed primarily through feces of infected cows but can be also excreted in colostrum and milk and might survive pasteurization. Since an association of genomic sequences ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin patients with Crohn's disease has been described; it is of interest to rapidly detectM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin milk for human consumption. IS900insertion is used as a target for PCR amplification to identify the presence ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin biological samples. Two target sequences were selected: IS1(155 bp) and IS2(94 bp). These fragments have a 100% identity among allM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisstrains sequenced.M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiswas specifically concentrated from milk samples by immunomagnetic separation prior to performing PCR. The amplicons were characterized using DNA methylase Genotyping, i.e., the amplicons were methylated with 6-methyl-adenine and digested with restriction enzymes to confirm their identity. The methylated amplicons from 100 CFU ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiscan be visualized in a Western blot format using an anti-6-methyl-adenine monoclonal antibody. The use of DNA methyltransferase genotyping coupled to a scintillation proximity assay allows for the detection of up to 10 CFU ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisper ml of milk. This test is rapid and sensitive and allows for automation and thus multiple samples can be tested at the same time.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dairy Products, Meat, and Drinking Water†

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. GILL ◽  
L. SAUCIER ◽  
W. J. MEADUS
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Available Information

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the cause of Johne's disease, a chronic infection of the gut, in ruminant animals that provide milk and/or meat for human consumption. Map also may be involved in Crohn's disease and type 1 diabetes in humans. Although the role of Map in human diseases has not been established, minimizing the exposure of humans to the organism is considered desirable as a precautionary measure. Infected animals can shed Map in feces and milk, and the organism can become disseminated in tissues remote from the gut and its associated lymph nodes. The presence of at least some Map in raw milk and meat and in natural waters is likely, but the numbers of Map in those foods and waters should be reduced through cooking or purification. The available information relating to Map in milk and dairy products, meats, and drinking water is reviewed here for assessment of the risks of exposure to Map from consumption of such foods and water.

Comparison of decay rates of faecal indicator organisms in recreational coastal water and sediment

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.L. Craig ◽  
H.J. Fallowfield ◽  
N.J. Cromar
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Coastal Water ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Organic Carbon Content

A laboratory based microcosm study utilising intact non-sterile sediment cores was undertaken to determine the survival of the faecal indicator organisms Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium and somatic coliphage in both recreational coastal water and sediment. Overlying water was inoculated with the test organisms and incubated at 10°C, 20°C or 30°C. E. coli, enterococcus and coliphage were enumerated from the water column and sediment by the membrane filtration method, Enterolert (IDEXX Laboratories) and the double-agar overlay methods respectively on days 0, 1, 2, 7, 14 and 28 following inoculation. It was demonstrated that for all organisms, greater decay (k; d-1) occurred in the water column compared to sediment. Sediment characteristics were found to influence decay, with lowest decay rates observed in sediment consisting of high organic carbon content and small particle size. Decay of E. coli was significantly greater in both the water column and sediment compared with enterococcus and coliphage under all conditions. Decay of enterococcus was found to closely resemble that of coliphage decay. Survival of all organisms was inversely related to temperature, with greatest decay at 30°C. However, increased temperature had a less significant impact on survival of enterococcus and coliphage compared with E. coli. The importance of this study for estimating risk from recreational exposure is great if some pathogenic microorganisms behave similarly to the organisms tested in this study. In particular if survival rates of pathogens are similar to enterococcus and coliphage, then their ability to accumulate in coastal sediment may lead to an increased risk of exposure if these organisms are resuspended into the water column due to natural turbulence or human recreational activity.

scholarly journals Isolation of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in the Feces and Tissue of Small Ruminants Using a Non-Automated Liquid Culture Method

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Luigi De Grossi ◽  
Davide Santori ◽  
Antonino Barone ◽  
Silvia Abbruzzese ◽  
Matteo Ricchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽  
Type I ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis

Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP). Since isolation of MAP type I (S) is rarely reported in Italy, our research was aimed at isolating, by an inexpensive liquid culture manual method, this type of MAP isolates. At first, we used an ELISA to point out to serologically positive samples from five flocks. Secondly, we used a fecal direct IS900-qPCR on the ELISA positive samples, in order to detect shedder animals. Feces from IS900-qPCR positive samples were inoculated in solid and liquid culture media. IS900-qPCR was further used to test the growth of MAP isolates in liquid medium, which were further confirmed by f57-qPCR and submitted to typing by specific PCR in order to identify the MAP type. Twenty-eight samples (24 fecal and four tissutal samples) were processed by culture methods, resulting in the isolation of six type I MAP field isolates. Notably, no isolates were recovered by solid media, underlining the utility of this liquid method. Few data about this type of MAP are currently available in Italy, and further analyses should be carried out in order to study the origin and epidemiology of type I strains circulating in Italy.

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