Role of Th1 and Th2 Cytokines in Immune Response to Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

ABSTRACT The relative balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines appears crucial, since the role of cytokines has been evaluated in several studies by comparison of clinically heterogeneous groups of patients. The aim of this study is to determine the role of proinflammatory Th1 cytokines, interleukin-12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, in a homogeneous group of patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Levels of IL-12, IFN-γ, Il-4, and IL-10 in serum for 20 adult patients and 15 healthy control subjects were determined by an immunoenzymatic assay. Serum levels of Th1 cytokines, IL-12 (8.6 ± 2.8 pg/ml; controls, 3.2 ± 0.7 pg/ml) and IFN-γ (39.2 ± 67.6 pg/ml; controls, 8.4 ± 6.3 pg/ml), were significantly increased at admission; 3 days later, levels of IL-12 in serum remained significantly high (8.8 ± 2.6 pg/ml), whereas IFN-γ levels returned to control values. The anti-inflammatory response of Th2 cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) was distinct. Levels of IL-10 in serum were not significantly increased at day 0 and day 3 (306.6 ± 200.4 pg/ml and 56.6 ± 38.4 pg/ml, respectively; controls, 17.4 ± 9.0 pg/ml). In contrast, levels of IL-4 in serum were not increased on admission (3.4 ± 1.2 pg/ml; controls, 2.4 ± 0.8 pg/ml), but at day 3 a moderate and significant increase of IL-4 levels was observed (4.5 ± 1.7 pg/ml). In conclusion, the increase of Th1 cytokine IL-12 and IFN-γ levels during the acute phase of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria may reflect an early and effective immune response regulated by proinflammatory Th1 cytokines, and in particular IFN-γ may play a role in limiting progression from uncomplicated malaria to severe and life-threatening complications.

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Circulating Th1 and Th2 cytokines in patients with hepatitis C virus infection

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1080/09629359890992 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 295-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

X. G. Fan ◽

W. E. Liu ◽

C. Z. Li ◽

Z. C. Wang ◽

L. X. Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hcv Infection ◽

Th2 Cytokines ◽

Th1 And Th2 Cytokines ◽

Th1 Cytokine ◽

Chronic Hcv Infection ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Chronic Hcv ◽

Th1 Cytokines ◽

Normal Controls ◽

Th1 And Th2

The imbalance of T-helper (Th) lymphocyte cytokine production may play an important role in immunopathogenes is of persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To know whether an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines is present in chronic HCV infection, serum levels of Th1 cytokines , interferon gamma (IFN-γ ) and interleukin (IL)-2, and Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, were measured using enzyme - linked immunosorbent as say in this study. Eighteen individuals with chronic HCV infection, 11 healthy subjects as normal controls and 10 chronic HBV infected patients as disease controls were observed. The results showed that the leve ls of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were significantly increased inchronic HCV infected patients compared with normal controls (IL-4: 30.49 ± 17.55 vs . 14.94 ± 13.73, pg/ml,p<0.025; IL-10: 50.30 ± 19.59 vs. 17.87 ± 9.49, pg/ml,p<0.001). Similarly, the levels of Th1 cytokine, IL-2, was also elevated in individuals with chronic HCV infection when compared with normal controls (IL-2: 118.53 ± 95.23 vs . 61.57 ± 28.70, pg/ml,p<0.05). However, Th1 cytokine IFN-γ level was not significantly changed during HCV infection (IFN-γ: 28.09 ± 15.65 vs . 24.10 ± 15.61, pg/ml,p>0.05). Further more, the elevated levels of Th2 cytokines are greater than Th1 cytokines in HCV infection. Thus , the study indicates that an enhanced Th2 responses are present during chronic HCV infection, which may partly be responsible for the persistence of HCV infection.

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Role of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in BCG-induced IFN-γ production: cytokine promotion and simulation of BCG effect

Cytokine ◽

10.1016/s1043-4666(02)00490-8 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 17-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Yi Luo ◽

Xiaohong Chen ◽

Michael A O'Donnell

Keyword(s):

Th2 Cytokines ◽

Th1 And Th2 Cytokines ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Th1 And Th2

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The Th1 and Th2 cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4 antagonize the inhibition of monocyte IL-1 receptor antagonist by glucocorticoids: involvement of IL-1

European Journal of Immunology ◽

10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199807)28:07<2075::aid-immu2075>3.0.co;2-0 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 2075-2085 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Damián Kovalovsky ◽

Marcelo Páez Pereda ◽

Joachim Sauer ◽

Carolina Perez Castro ◽

Victor E. Nahmod ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Receptor Antagonist ◽

Th2 Cytokines ◽

Th1 And Th2 Cytokines ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Th1 And Th2

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Modulation of Helper T Cytokines in Thymus during Early Pregnancy in Ewes

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9050245 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 245 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Leying Zhang ◽

Zimo Zhao ◽

Hao Mi ◽

Baoliang Liu ◽

Bin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Estrous Cycle ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Interleukin 2 ◽

Th2 Cytokines ◽

Maternal Immune System ◽

Th1 And Th2 Cytokines ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Necrosis Factor ◽

Th1 And Th2

There is an immune tolerance in maternal immune system during pregnancy, and thymus is a main organ of the immune system. Helper T (Th)1 and Th2 cytokines are involved in the regulation of immune system, but the modulation of Th cytokines in the thymus during early pregnancy is unclear in ewes. Thymuses were collected on day 16 of the estrous cycle, and on days 13, 16, and 25 of pregnancy in ewes. qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the thymuses. There was a peak in the expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) on day 16 of pregnancy, an upregulation of tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-β), and a sustained expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4. Furthermore, there was a peak in the expression of IL-6 on day 13 of pregnancy, no expression of IL-6 on day 16 of the estrous cycle and day 25 of pregnancy, and an upregulation of IL-5 and IL-10 in the thymuses during early pregnancy. The immunohistochemistry results revealed that the IFN-γ and IL-6 proteins were limited to the stromal cells, capillaries, and thymic corpuscles. In conclusion, early pregnancy influenced the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines of maternal thymus in sheep.

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Role of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the immune response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria

The Lancet Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00449-8 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (12) ◽

pp. 719-720 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Donato Torre ◽

Filippo Speranza ◽

Roberto Martegani

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Falciparum Malaria ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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Accessory signaling by CD40 for T cell activation: induction of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and synergy with interleukin-12 for interferon-γ production

European Journal of Immunology ◽

10.1002/eji.1830260732 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 1621-1627 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Xiaohui Peng ◽

Ahmad Kasran ◽

Petra A. M. Warmerdam ◽

Mark De Boer ◽

Jan L. Ceuppens

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

T Cell Activation ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Interferon Γ ◽

Interleukin 12 ◽

Th2 Cytokines ◽

Th1 And Th2 Cytokines ◽

Th1 And Th2

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MERS-CoV infection is associated with downregulation of genes encoding Th1 and Th2 cytokines/chemokines and elevated inflammatory innate immune response in the lower respiratory tract

Cytokine ◽

10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154895 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 126 ◽

pp. 154895 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Bandar Alosaimi ◽

Maaweya E. Hamed ◽

Asif Naeem ◽

Ali A. Alsharef ◽

Saeed Y. AlQahtani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Th2 Cytokines ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Th1 And Th2 Cytokines ◽

Th1 And Th2

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Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 Is Essential for Initial Host Control of Brucella abortus Infection

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.05289-11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 79 (11) ◽

pp. 4688-4695 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Fernanda S. Oliveira ◽

Natália B. Carvalho ◽

Ana Paula M. S. Brandão ◽

Marco Túlio R. Gomes ◽

Leonardo A. de Almeida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Brucella Abortus ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Interleukin 12 ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Content Type ◽

Ifn Γ

ABSTRACTBrucella abortusis a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes abortion in domestic animals and undulant fever in humans. Recent studies have revealed that Toll-like receptor (TLR)-initiated immune response toBrucellaspp. depends on myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling. Therefore, we decided to study the role of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) in host innate immune response againstB. abortus. AfterBrucellainfection, it was shown that the number of CFU in IRAK-4−/−mice was high compared to that in IRAK-4+/−animals only at 1 week postinfection. At 3 and 6 weeks postinfection, IRAK-4−/−mice were able to control the infection similarly to heterozygous animals. Furthermore, the type 1 cytokine profile was evaluated. IRAK-4−/−mice showed lower production of systemic interleukin-12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Additionally, a reduced percentage of CD4+and CD8+T cells expressing IFN-γ was observed compared to IRAK-4+/−. Further, the production of IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by macrophages and dendritic cells from IRAK-4−/−mice was abolished at 24 h after stimulation withB. abortus. To investigate the role of IRAK-4 in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathways, macrophages were stimulated withB. abortus, and the signaling components were analyzed by protein phosphorylation. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 and p38 as well as p65 NF-κB phosphorylation was profoundly impaired in IRAK-4−/−and MyD88−/−macrophages activated byBrucella. In summary, the results shown in this study demonstrated that IRAK-4 is critical to trigger the initial immune response againstB. abortusbut not at later phases of infection.

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