scholarly journals Establishment of Reference Values of CD4 and CD8 Lymphocyte Subsets in Healthy Nigerian Adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1374-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Oladepo ◽  
E. O. Idigbe ◽  
R. A. Audu ◽  
U. S. Inyang ◽  
G. E. Imade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Apparently Healthy

ABSTRACT A total of 2,570 apparently healthy human immunodeficiency virus-negative adults from the six geopolitical zones in the country were enrolled in our study in 2006. The samples were assayed using the Cyflow technique. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). The majority (64%) of the participants had CD4 counts within the range of 501 to 1,000 cells/μl. The reference range for CD4 was 365 to 1,571 cells/μl, while the reference range for CD8 was 145 to 884 cells/μl.

scholarly journals T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Apparently Healthy Nigerian Children

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Oni Idigbe ◽  
Rosemary A. Audu ◽  
Edna O. Iroha ◽  
Adebola O. Akinsulie ◽  
Edamisan Olusoji Temiye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
T Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Hiv Negative ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Population studies showed that there are differences in T-lymphocytes subpopulation of normal children in different regions, and reference values in an area might be different from another. This study compared the values in our population with CDC and WHO reference values. Blood samples from 279 healthy, HIV-negative children<12 years of age were analysed for complete blood count, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ counts and percentages. Except for CD8%, mean values for all parameters measured significantly decreased with age. CD4+ counts were higher in females than males,P<.05. Using the WHO criteria, 15.9% of subjects had low total lymphocyte count and 20.6% had low CD4 count. Children<3 years had median CD4% lower than WHO normal values. Our median CD4+ counts correlated with CDC values. Values used by WHO in infants are higher than ours. We suggest that our children be assessed using CDC reference values which correlate with ours.

scholarly journals Distribution of Lymphocyte Subsets in Healthy Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Adult Ethiopians from Two Geographic Locales

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1171-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afework Kassu ◽  
Aster Tsegaye ◽  
Beyene Petros ◽  
Dawit Wolday ◽  
Ermias Hailu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Immunological values for 562 factory workers from Wonji, Ethiopia, a sugar estate 114 km southeast of the capital city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, were compared to values for 218 subjects from Akaki, Ethiopia, a suburb of Addis Ababa, for whom partial data were previously published. The following markers were measured: lymphocytes, T cells, B cells, NK cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. A more in depth comparison was also made between Akaki and Wonji subjects. For this purpose, various differentiation and activation marker (CD45RA, CD27, HLA-DR, and CD38) expressions on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were studied in 60 male, human immunodeficiency virus-negative subjects (30 from each site). Data were also compared with Dutch blood donor control values. The results confirmed that Ethiopians have significantly decreased CD4+ T-cell counts and highly activated immune status, independent of the geographic locale studied. They also showed that male subjects from Akaki have significantly higher CD8+ T-cell counts, resulting in a proportional increase in each of the CD8+ T-cell compartments studied: naı̈ve (CD45RA+CD27+), memory (CD45RA−CD27+), cytotoxic effector (CD45RA+CD27−), memory/effector (CD45RA−CD27−), activated (HLA-DR+CD38+), and resting (HLA-DR−CD38−). No expansion of a specific functional subset was observed. Endemic infection or higher immune activation is thus not a likely cause of the higher CD8 counts in the Akaki subjects. The data confirm and extend earlier observations and suggest that, although most lymphocyte subsets are comparable between the two geographical locales, there are also differences. Thus, care should be taken in extrapolating immunological reference values from one population group to another.

scholarly journals Human immunodeficiency virus-related conditions in children and adults with hemophilia: rates, relationship to CD4 counts, and predictive value

Blood ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 828-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Eyster ◽  
CS Rabkin ◽  
MW Hilgartner ◽  
LM Aledort ◽  
MV Ragni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Relative Hazard ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Persistent Fever ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract To further elucidate the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we studied intermediate HIV-related conditions occurring before acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in a prospectively observed multicenter cohort of 738 HIV-infected persons with hemophilia. We analyzed the frequency in adults and children of common HIV-related conditions and the relative risk of AIDS after occurrence of these conditions, controlling for age at seroconversion and the percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes. Thrombocytopenia was the most frequently observed condition with cumulative incidences of 43% +/- 7% in adults and 27% +/- 6% in children and adolescents by 10 years after seroconversion. Oral candidiasis, fever, weight loss, and non-AIDS pneumonia were two to four times more common in adults than children, whereas herpes zoster risk was similar in the two age groups. HIV- related conditions were infrequent during the first 4 years of infection, particularly in children. With the exception of thrombocytopenia, mean CD4 counts were less than 350 cells/microL at the onset of the conditions. The relative hazard of AIDS after oral candidiasis was 18 in children and 3.8 in adults. Relative hazard in adults was also increased after persistent fever (10), weight loss (3.2), and non-AIDS pneumonia (2.2). Herpes zoster and thrombocytopenia were not significantly associated with AIDS in either age group. We conclude that intermediate HIV-related conditions occur more frequently in adults than in children with hemophilia. Persistent fever is the strongest predictor of AIDS in adults, whereas oral candidiasis is the strongest predictor in children. These findings should facilitate the design and conduct of clinical trials as well as the management of HIV- infected children and adults.

scholarly journals ABT-378, a Highly Potent Inhibitor of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 3218-3224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hing L. Sham ◽  
Dale J. Kempf ◽  
Akhteruzammen Molla ◽  
Kennan C. Marsh ◽  
Gondi N. Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Hiv Protease ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Potent Protease Inhibitor

ABSTRACT The valine at position 82 (Val 82) in the active site of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease mutates in response to therapy with the protease inhibitor ritonavir. By using the X-ray crystal structure of the complex of HIV protease and ritonavir, the potent protease inhibitor ABT-378, which has a diminished interaction with Val 82, was designed. ABT-378 potently inhibited wild-type and mutant HIV protease (Ki = 1.3 to 3.6 pM), blocked the replication of laboratory and clinical strains of HIV type 1 (50% effective concentration [EC50], 0.006 to 0.017 μM), and maintained high potency against mutant HIV selected by ritonavir in vivo (EC50, ≤0.06 μM). The metabolism of ABT-378 was strongly inhibited by ritonavir in vitro. Consequently, following concomitant oral administration of ABT-378 and ritonavir, the concentrations of ABT-378 in rat, dog, and monkey plasma exceeded the in vitro antiviral EC50 in the presence of human serum by >50-fold after 8 h. In healthy human volunteers, coadministration of a single 400-mg dose of ABT-378 with 50 mg of ritonavir enhanced the area under the concentration curve of ABT-378 in plasma by 77-fold over that observed after dosing with ABT-378 alone, and mean concentrations of ABT-378 exceeded the EC50 for >24 h. These results demonstrate the potential utility of ABT-378 as a therapeutic intervention against AIDS.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection Among Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in South Africa: A Prospective Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason J Ong ◽  
Mahlape Precious Magooa ◽  
Admire Chikandiwa ◽  
Helen Kelly ◽  
Marie-Noelle Didelot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract This prospective cohort study of 622 women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from Johannesburg (2012) detected Mycoplasma genitalium in 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.5–9.7, 46/622), with detection more likely with lower CD4 counts(adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.02 per 10 cells/μL decrease, 95% CI: 1.00–1.03) and higher plasma HIV-1 RNA (AOR 1.15 per log copies/mL increase, 95% CI: 1.03–1.27). No mutations for macrolide/quinolone resistance was detected.

scholarly journals Sequential Turnover of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env throughout the Course of Infection

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (21) ◽  
pp. 10591-10599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara M. Riddle ◽  
Norah J. Shire ◽  
Marc S. Sherman ◽  
Kelly F. Franco ◽  
Haynes W. Sheppard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT We examined the rates of variant population turnover of the V1-V2 and V4-V5 hypervariable domains of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 molecule in longitudinal plasma samples from 14 men with chronic HIV-1 infection using heteroduplex tracking assays (HTA). Six men had high rates of CD4+ T-cell loss, and eight men had low rates of CD4+ T-cell loss over 2.5 to 8 years of infection. We found that V1-V2 and V4-V5 env populations changed dramatically over time in all 14 subjects; the changes in these regions were significantly correlated with each another over time. The subjects with rapid CD4 loss had significantly less change in their env populations than the subjects with slow CD4 loss. The two subjects with rapid CD4 loss and sustained low CD4 counts (<150/μl for at least 2 years) showed stabilization of their V1-V2 and V4-V5 populations as reflected by low levels of total change in HTA pattern and low HTA indices (a novel measure of the emergence of new bands and band distribution); this stabilization was not observed in other subjects. The stabilization of env variant populations at low CD4 counts following periods of rapid viral evolution suggests that selective pressure on env, likely from new immune responses, is minimal when CD4 counts drop dramatically and remain low for extended periods of time.

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