Complete Genomic Sequences of H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus Strains Used as Vaccine Strains in Japan

ABSTRACT We sequenced the eight segments of influenza A virus strains A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 and A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010, which are strains of the Florida sublineage clades 1 and 2 of the H3N8 subtype equine influenza virus. These strains have been used as vaccine strains in Japan since 2016 in accordance with World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommendations.

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Defective interfering type A equine influenza virus (H3N8) protects mice from morbidity and mortality caused by homologous and heterologous subtypes of influenza A virus

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/0022-1317-75-12-3485 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 75 (12) ◽

pp. 3485-3491 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

S. Noble ◽

N. J. Dimmock

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Type A ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Equine Influenza

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Complete Genomic Sequences of an H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus Strain Isolated in China

Genome Announcements ◽

10.1128/genomea.00654-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. Zhu ◽

Q. Li ◽

W. Guo ◽

G. Lu ◽

X. Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Virus Strain ◽

Genomic Sequences ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Influenza Virus Strain ◽

Complete Genomic

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Design and testing of multiplex RT-PCR primers for the rapid detection of influenza A virus genomic segments: Application to equine influenza virus

Journal of Virological Methods ◽

10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.11.012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 228 ◽

pp. 114-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

EunJung Lee ◽

Eun-Ju Kim ◽

Yeun-Kyung Shin ◽

Jae-Young Song

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Influenza A Virus ◽

Rapid Detection ◽

Influenza A ◽

Pcr Primers ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Design And Testing

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A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11100933 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 933

Author(s):

Pilar Blanco-Lobo ◽

Laura Rodriguez ◽

Stephanie Reedy ◽

Fatai S. Oladunni ◽

Aitor Nogales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Animal Health ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine ◽

Clade 1 ◽

World Organization

Vaccination remains the most effective approach for preventing and controlling equine influenza virus (EIV) in horses. However, the ongoing evolution of EIV has increased the genetic and antigenic differences between currently available vaccines and circulating strains, resulting in suboptimal vaccine efficacy. As recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the inclusion of representative strains from clade 1 and clade 2 Florida sublineages of EIV in vaccines may maximize the protection against presently circulating viral strains. In this study, we used reverse genetics technologies to generate a bivalent EIV live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We combined our previously described clade 1 EIV LAIV A/equine/Ohio/2003 H3N8 (Ohio/03 LAIV) with a newly generated clade 2 EIV LAIV that contains the six internal genes of Ohio/03 LAIV and the HA and NA of A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 H3N8 (Rich/07 LAIV). The safety profile, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy of this bivalent EIV LAIV was tested in the natural host, horses. Vaccination of horses with the bivalent EIV LAIV, following a prime-boost regimen, was safe and able to confer protection against challenge with clade 1 (A/equine/Kentucky/2014 H3N8) and clade 2 (A/equine/Richmond/2007) wild-type (WT) EIVs, as evidenced by a reduction of clinical signs, fever, and virus excretion. This is the first description of a bivalent LAIV for the prevention of EIV in horses that follows OIE recommendations. In addition, since our bivalent EIV LAIV is based on the use of reverse genetics approaches, our results demonstrate the feasibility of using the backbone of clade 1 Ohio/03 LAIV as a master donor virus (MDV) for the production and rapid update of LAIVs for the control and protection against other EIV strains of epidemiological relevance to horses.

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Complete Genome Sequencing of Two Equine Influenza A(H3N8) Virus Strains Isolated in Kazakhstan

Genome Announcements ◽

10.1128/genomea.00574-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (26) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yerbol Burashev ◽

Vitaliy Strochkov ◽

Kulyaisan Sultankulova ◽

Mukhit Orynbayev ◽

Abylay Sansyzbay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

Complete Genome ◽

Influenza A ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Complete Genome Sequencing ◽

H3n8 Virus ◽

Virus Strains

Here, we report the complete genome sequencing of strains A/equine/Kostanay/9/2012(H3N8) and A/equine/LKZ/9/2012(H3N8) of the equine influenza virus belonging to Florida sublineage, clade 2. The strains were isolated in 2012 in the northern and southern regions of Kazakhstan, respectively.

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Genetic evolution of equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated in France from 1967 to 2015 and the implications of several potential pathogenic factors

Virology ◽

10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.003 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 505 ◽

pp. 210-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Stéphanie Fougerolle ◽

Loïc Legrand ◽

Fanny Lecouturier ◽

Corinne Sailleau ◽

Romain Paillot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Genetic Evolution ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Pathogenic Factors ◽

Virus Strains

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Equine Mx1 Restricts Influenza A Virus Replication by Targeting at Distinct Site of its Nucleoprotein

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11121114 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1114 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Urooj Fatima ◽

Zhenyu Zhang ◽

Haili Zhang ◽

Xue-Feng Wang ◽

Ling Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Substantial Reduction ◽

Polymerase Activity ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Dynamic Force ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Adaptive Mutations ◽

Antiviral Activities

Interferon-mediated host factors myxovirus (Mx) proteins are key features in regulating influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Viral polymerases are essential for viral replication. The Mx1 protein has been known to interact with viral nucleoprotein (NP) and PB2, resulting in the influence of polymerase activity and providing interspecies restriction. The equine influenza virus has evolved as an independent lineage to influenza viruses from other species. We estimated the differences in antiviral activities between human MxA (huMxA) and equine Mx1 (eqMx1) against a broad range of IAV strains. We found that huMxA has antiviral potential against IAV strains from non-human species, whereas eqMx1 could only inhibit the polymerase activity of non-equine species. Here, we demonstrated that NP is the main target of eqMx1. Subsequently, we found adaptive mutations in the NP of strains A/equine/Jilin/1/1989 (H3N8JL89) and A/chicken/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013 (H7N9ZJ13) that confer eqMx1 resistance and sensitivity respectively. A substantial reduction in Mx1 resistance was observed for the two mutations G34S and H52N in H3N8JL89 NP. Thus, eqMx1 is an important dynamic force in IAV nucleoprotein evolution. We, therefore, suggest that the amino acids responsible for Mx1 resistance should be regarded as a robust indicator for the pandemic potential of lately evolving IAVs.

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Equine Influenza: Prevention and Control

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2012.p0281 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 281-288

Author(s):

Takashi Yamanaka ◽

◽

Takashi Kondo ◽

Tomio Matsumura

Keyword(s):

Virus Isolation ◽

Animal Health ◽

Rapid Identification ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Special Equipment ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Influenza Prevention ◽

Horse Industry ◽

World Organization ◽

And Control

Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious selflimiting respiratory disease in horses that is caused by equine influenza virus (EIV) infection. EIV is presented by horses worldwide and has a huge financial impact on the horse industry in many countries. Although an outbreak of EI can be controlled by prior immunization by using vaccination, the efficacy of the vaccine is influenced by antigenic differences between epidemic strains and vaccine strains. Thus, to keep the vaccine effective, the vaccine strains should be reviewed periodically on the basis of global surveillance, such as the epidemiological report issued annually in the bulletin of the World Organization for Animal Health. Once an outbreak occurs, sanitary management, including the restriction of horse movement, should be conducted to eliminate the source of the causative virus and protect susceptible horses. The rapid identification of EIV in respiratory tract secretions enables the prompt administration of sanitary management. Although commercially available rapid antigen detection tests should be improved in terms of sensitivity, one of the tests (ESPLINE Flu A+B) worked as a convenient method for the rapid diagnosis and screening of a number of horses for EI during the 2007 outbreak in Japan, in addition to laboratory tests such as virus isolation. A more sensitive test must be developed that can be performed easily without special equipment or technical expertise.

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Immunomic Analysis of the Repertoire of T-Cell Specificities for Influenza A Virus in Humans

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01563-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 82 (24) ◽

pp. 12241-12251 ◽

Cited By ~ 135

Author(s):

Erika Assarsson ◽

Huynh-Hoa Bui ◽

John Sidney ◽

Qing Zhang ◽

Jean Glenn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

T Cell ◽

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

T Cell Responses ◽

Class Ii ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Class I ◽

Cell Responses ◽

Virus Strains

ABSTRACT Continuing antigenic drift allows influenza viruses to escape antibody-mediated recognition, and as a consequence, the vaccine currently in use needs to be altered annually. Highly conserved epitopes recognized by effector T cells may represent an alternative approach for the generation of a more universal influenza virus vaccine. Relatively few highly conserved epitopes are currently known in humans, and relatively few epitopes have been identified from proteins other than hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein. This prompted us to perform a study aimed at identifying a set of human T-cell epitopes that would provide broad coverage against different virus strains and subtypes. To provide coverage across different ethnicities, seven different HLA supertypes were considered. More than 4,000 peptides were selected from a panel of 23 influenza A virus strains based on predicted high-affinity binding to HLA class I or class II and high conservancy levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 44 healthy human blood donors were tested for reactivity against HLA-matched peptides by using gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Interestingly, we found that PB1 was the major target for both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. The 54 nonredundant epitopes (38 class I and 16 class II) identified herein provided high coverage among different ethnicities, were conserved in the majority of the strains analyzed, and were consistently recognized in multiple individuals. These results enable further functional studies of T-cell responses during influenza virus infection and provide a potential base for the development of a universal influenza vaccine.

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