scholarly journals Oncospheral Penetration Glands and Secretory Blebs Are the Sources of Taenia ovis Vaccine Antigens

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 4363-4373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Jabbar ◽  
Simon Crawford ◽  
Charles G. Gauci ◽  
Anna K. Walduck ◽  
Garry A. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Penetration Gland ◽  
Protective Antigens ◽  
Taenia Ovis ◽  
Gland Type

ABSTRACT Taenia ovis is a cestode parasite infecting primarily sheep as intermediate hosts and dogs as definitive hosts. The first highly effective, recombinant vaccine against a parasitic organism was developed against T. ovis infection in sheep. Three separate host-protective antigens (To16, To18, and To45W) have been cloned from the oncosphere of the parasite. We localize these antigens in the oncosphere by using quantitative immunogold labeling and transmission electron microscopy. The three antigens were uniquely associated with penetration gland cells. The cytoplasm and secretory granules of both penetration gland type 1 and type 2 cells exhibited statistically significant levels of staining for each of the three antigens. The intensity of labeling of the penetration gland type 1 cell was approximately three to five times greater (P < 0.01) compared to the level of staining intensity seen in the penetration gland type 2 cell. In activated oncospheres, secretory blebs were found to contain granules with a structure similar to those observed in the penetration gland cells. The granules within the secretory blebs were shown to stain specifically for the presence of each of the three host-protective antigens. The absence of surface location of the T. ovis antigens suggests that the parasite may not be susceptible to vaccine-induced antibody- and complement-mediated attack until some postoncospheral development has occurred after infection of the intermediate host.

Cryptic species and their utilization of indigenous and non-indigenous intermediate hosts in the acanthocephalanPolymorphus minutus sensu lato(Polymorphidae)

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 145 (11) ◽  
pp. 1421-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maike Zittel ◽  
Daniel Grabner ◽  
Andre Wlecklik ◽  
Bernd Sures ◽  
Florian Leese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Nuclear Data ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
East Europe ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
Type 3

AbstractThe bird-infecting acanthocephalanPolymorphus minutushas been suggested to comprise different lineages or even cryptic species using different intermediate hosts. To clarify this open question, we investigatedPolymorphuscf.minutuscystacanths originating from amphipod intermediate hosts from 27 sites in Germany and France. Parasites and hosts were identified using integrated datasets (COI and/or morphology for hosts and COI + ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 for parasites).Mitochondrial and nuclear data (ITS1) strongly support the existence of three cryptic species inPolymorphuscf.minutus(type 1-3). These three types reveal a high degree of intermediate host specificity, withPolymorphustype 1 only encountered inGammarus fossarumtype B,Polymorphustype 2 inEchinogammarussp. andEchinogammarus berilloni, andPolymorphustype 3 inGammarus pulexandGammarus roeselii. Our results point to a so far neglected cryptic diversity of the genusPolymorphusin Central Europe. Furthermore,Polymorphustype 2 is most likely a non-native parasite in Germany that co-invaded withE. berillonifrom the Mediterranean area. Potentially, type 3 originates from South-East Europe and migrated to Germany byG. roeselii, where it might have capturedG. pulexas an intermediate host. Therefore, our findings can be seen in the context of ecological globalization in terms of the anthropogenic displacement of intermediate hosts and its impact on the genetic divergence of the parasites.

scholarly journals Ultrastructure of Neoblasts in Turbellarian Geocentrophora wagini Timoshkin, 1984 (Lecithoepitheliata: Plathelminthes)

2016 ◽  
Vol 320 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-192
Author(s):  
I.M. Drobysheva
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Electron Microscopic Level ◽  
High Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells

Acoelomorpha and Plathelminthes have a unique system of stem cells (neoblasts), which is believed to represent a common proliferative compartment of somatic and germ line cells. Meanwhile, on the electron-microscopic level, these cells are not studied in most taxa of Turbellaria. In this study, I describe the ultrastructure of neoblasts in Geocentrophora wagini Timoshkin, 1984 (Lecithoepitheliata, Plathelminthes), an endemic turbellarian from Lake Baikal. The neoblast-like cells showed a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio. The cytoplasm revealed the features of undifferentiated cells. Particularly, there were free ribosomes and mitochondria, while other organelles were rare and did not occur in all the cells studied. Based on their cytoplasmic and nuclear organization, three main types of parenchymal neoblasts have been distinguished. In type 1, the nuclei had a complex, highly branched configuration. The peripheral heterochromatin was not developed. A large loose structure of fibrous nature and a tiny Golgi apparatus with several secretory granules could be observed in the type 1 neoblast cytoplasm. The nuclei of the type 2 neoblasts had much simpler outlines than those of type 1, despite some processes or invaginations. The poor development of peripheral condensed chromatin was observed and distribution density of the heterochromatin clumps tended to be slightly higher, as compared to type 1. A cluster of small dense granules or a little loose body occasionally could be seen in the proximity to nuclear membrane. Type 3 neoblasts had the most compact nuclei and their heterochromatin was seen as large, irregular clumps of extremely high electron density. Many of these clumps were connected with each other and with the nuclear membrane. The scarce cytoplasm contained only mitochondria and ribosomes. Undifferentiated cells in the gastrodermis were similar to the type 2 neoblasts in the parenchyma. For the first time outside Tricladida special structures were found in the neoblast cytoplasm. These loose fibrous bodies and clusters of granules are likely to be functionally identical to the planarian chromatoid bodies. The obtained results contribute to the comparative morphology of the stem cells in flatworms and basic Bilateria and confirm the heterogeneity of the proliferative compartment in Turbellaria.

Type 2 Diabetes Overtakes Type 1 in Hispanic Girls

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (15) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
SHERRY BOSCHERT
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes

Molecular analysis of FVIII gene in severe HA patients of Costa Rica

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S150-S152
Author(s):  
G. Jiménez-Cruz ◽  
M. Mendez ◽  
P. Chaverri ◽  
P. Alvarado ◽  
W. Schröder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Factor Viii Gene ◽  
Intron 22 Inversion ◽  
Intron 1 ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Inversion Analysis

SummaryHaemophilia A (HA) is X-chromosome linked bleeding disorders caused by deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). It is caused by FVIII gene intron 22 inversion (Inv22) in approximately 45% and by intron 1 inversion (Inv1) in 5% of the patients. Both inversions occur as a result of intrachromosomal recombination between homologous regions, in intron 1 or 22 and their extragenic copy located telomeric to the FVIII gene. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of these mutations in 25 HA Costa Rican families. Patients, methods: We studied 34 HA patients and 110 unrelated obligate members and possible carriers for the presence of Inv22or Inv1. Standard analyses of the factor VIII gene were used incl. Southern blot and long-range polymerase chain reaction for inversion analysis. Results: We found altered Inv22 restriction profiles in 21 patients and 37 carriers. It was found type 1 and type 2 of the inversion of Inv22. During the screening for Inv1 among the HA patient, who were Inv22 negative, we did not found this mutation. Discussion: Our data highlight the importance of the analysis of Inv22 for their association with development of inhibitors in the HA patients and we are continuous searching of Inv1 mutation. This knowledge represents a step for genetic counseling and prevention of the inhibitor development.

Polymorphisms of the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor- 1 Gene in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, and in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (06) ◽  
pp. 731-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
M W Mansfield ◽  
M H Stickland ◽  
A M Carter ◽  
P J Grant
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor ◽  
Allelic Frequency ◽  
Repeat Sequence ◽  
Dinucleotide Repeat ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pai 1

SummaryTo identify whether genotype contributes to the difference in PAI-1 levels in type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects and whether genotype relates to the development of retinopathy, a Hind III restriction fragment length polymorphism and two dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms were studied. In 519 Caucasian diabetic subjects (192 type 1, 327 type 2) and 123 Caucasian control subjects there were no differences in the frequency of the Hind III restriction alleles (type 1 vs type 2 vs control: allele 1 0.397 vs 0.420 vs 0.448; allele 2 0.603 vs 0.580 vs 0.552) nor in the allelic frequency at either dinucleotide repeat sequence. In 86 subjects with no retinopathy at 15 years or more from diagnosis of diabetes and 190 subjects with diabetic retinopathy there was no difference in the frequency of Hind III restriction alleles (retinopathy present vs retinopathy absent: allele 1 0.400 vs 0.467; allele 2 0.600 vs 0.533) nor in the allelic frequencies at either dinucleotide repeat sequence. The results indicate that there is no or minimal influence of the PAI-1 gene on either PAI-1 levels or the development of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus.

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