scholarly journals Cloning and Characterization of Rainbow Trout Interleukin-17A/F2 (IL-17A/F2) and IL-17 Receptor A: Expression during Infection and Bioactivity of Recombinant IL-17A/F2

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 340-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena M. Monte ◽  
Tiehui Wang ◽  
Jason W. Holland ◽  
Jun Zou ◽  
Christopher J. Secombes
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mucosal Tissues ◽  
Interleukin 17A ◽  
Lower Vertebrates

Lower vertebrates have been found to possess genes that have similar homology to both interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-17F, which have been termed IL-17A/F. In fish species, several of these genes can be present, but, to date, very little is known about their functional activity. This article describes the discovery and sequence analysis of a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) IL-17A/F2 molecule and an IL-17RA receptor. In addition, the bioactivity of the trout IL-17A/F2 is investigated for the first time in any species. The predicted IL-17A/F2 and IL-17RA proteins consist of 146 and 966 amino acids (aa), respectively, with both molecules containing conserved family motifs. Expression analysis revealed high constitutive expression of trout IL-17A/F2 in mucosal tissues from healthy fish, suggesting a potential role in mucosal immunity. When the modulation of IL-17A/F2 and IL-17RAin vitrowas analyzed, it was observed that the two molecules were similarly affected. The expression of IL-17A/F2 was also induced in head kidney during bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections, revealing a possible function in defense against such pathogens. However, downregulation of IL-17RA was seen in some tissues and infections. The recombinant IL-17A/F2 protein was produced inEscherichia coliand was found to affect the expression of an antimicrobial peptide and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in splenocytes. Consistent with mammalian IL-17 homologues, our expression and bioactivity results imply that trout IL-17A/F2 plays an important role in promoting inflammatory and host innate immune responses directed against different pathogen groups.

scholarly journals Immunologic Pathways in Protective versus Maladaptive Host Responses to Attenuated and Pathogenic Strains ofMycoplasma gallisepticum

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Beaudet ◽  
Edan R. Tulman ◽  
Katherine Pflaum ◽  
Jessica A. Canter ◽  
Lawrence K. Silbart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mucosal Tissues ◽  
Rapid Clearance ◽  
Pathogen Clearance ◽  
Host Genes

ABSTRACTMycoplasmas are small bacterial commensals or pathogens that commonly colonize host mucosal tissues and avoid rapid clearance, in part by stimulating inflammatory, immunopathogenic responses. We previously characterized a wide array of transcriptomic perturbations in avian host tracheal mucosae infected with virulent, immunopathologicMycoplasma gallisepticum; however, mechanisms delineating these from protective responses, such as those induced upon vaccination, have not been thoroughly explored. In this study, host transcriptomic responses to two experimentalM. gallisepticumvaccines were assessed during the first 2 days of infection. Relative to virulent infection, host metabolic and immune gene responses to both vaccines were greatly decreased, including early innate immune responses critical to disease development and subsequent adaptive immunity. These data specify host genes and potential mechanisms contributing to maladaptive versus beneficial host responses—information critical for design of vaccines efficacious in both limiting inflammation and enabling pathogen clearance.

scholarly journals Insight from Molecular, Pathological, and Immunohistochemical Studies on Cellular and Humoral Mechanisms Responsible for Vaccine-Induced Protection of Rainbow Trout against Yersinia ruckeri

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1623-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidhartha Deshmukh ◽  
Per W. Kania ◽  
Jiwan K. Chettri ◽  
Jakob Skov ◽  
Anders M. Bojesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Yersinia Ruckeri ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Immune Related Genes

ABSTRACTThe immunological mechanisms associated with protection of vaccinated rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, against enteric redmouth disease (ERM), caused byYersinia ruckeri, were previously elucidated by the use of gene expression methodology and immunochemical methods. That approach pointed indirectly to both humoral and cellular elements being involved in protection. The present study correlates the level of protection in rainbow trout to cellular reactions in spleen and head kidney and visualizes the processes by applying histopathological, immunohistochemical, andin situhybridization techniques. It was shown that these cellular reactions, which were more prominent in spleen than in head kidney, were associated with the expression of immune-related genes, suggesting a Th2-like response.Y. ruckeri, as shown byin situhybridization (ISH), was eliminated within a few days in vaccinated fish, whereas nonprotected fish still harbored bacteria for a week after infection. Vaccinated fish reestablished normal organ structure within a few days, whereas nonprotected fish showed abnormalities up to 1 month postinfection. Protection in the early phase of infection was mainly associated with the expression of genes encoding innate factors (complement factors, lysozyme, and acute phase proteins), but in the later phase of infection, increased expression of adaptive immune genes dominated. The histological approach used has shown that the cellular changes correlated with protection of vaccinated fish. They comprised transformation of resident cells into macrophage-like cells and increased occurrence of CD8α and IgM cells, suggesting these cells as main players in protection. Future studies should investigate the causality between these factors and protection.

scholarly journals Identification of Synthetic Host Defense Peptide Mimics That Exert Dual Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1784-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhigyan Som ◽  
Nicolás Navasa ◽  
Avital Percher ◽  
Richard W. Scott ◽  
Gregory N. Tew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Host Defense Peptide ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Molecular Patterns

ABSTRACTA group of synthetic antimicrobial oligomers, inspired by naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides, were analyzed for the ability to modulate innate immune responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. These synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) specifically reduced cytokine production in response toStaphylococcus aureusand theS. aureuscomponent lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a TLR2 agonist. Anti-inflammatory SMAMPs prevented the induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-10 in response toS. aureusor LTA, but no other TLR2 ligands. We show that these SMAMPs bind specifically to LTAin vitroand prevent its interaction with TLR2. Importantly, the SMAMP greatly reduced the induction of TNF and IL-6in vivoin mice acutely infected withS. aureuswhile simultaneously reducing bacterial loads dramatically (4 log10). Thus, these SMAMPs can eliminate the damage induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) while simultaneously eliminating infectionin vivo. They are the first known SMAMPs to demonstrate anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activitiesin vivo.

scholarly journals Interferon-Stimulated Gene (ISG)-Expression Screening Reveals the Specific Antibunyaviral Activity of ISG20

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjie Feng ◽  
Arthur Wickenhagen ◽  
Matthew L. Turnbull ◽  
Veronica V. Rezelj ◽  
Felix Kreher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Type I ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Expression Screening ◽  
Interferon Stimulated Genes ◽  
Life Threatening

ABSTRACT Bunyaviruses pose a significant threat to human health, prosperity, and food security. In response to viral infections, interferons (IFNs) upregulate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose cumulative action can potently inhibit the replication of bunyaviruses. We used a flow cytometry-based method to screen the ability of ∼500 unique ISGs from humans and rhesus macaques to inhibit the replication of Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (BUNV), the prototype of both the Peribunyaviridae family and the Bunyavirales order. Candidates possessing antibunyaviral activity were further examined using a panel of divergent bunyaviruses. Interestingly, one candidate, ISG20, exhibited potent antibunyaviral activity against most viruses examined from the Peribunyaviridae , Hantaviridae , and Nairoviridae families, whereas phleboviruses ( Phenuiviridae ) largely escaped inhibition. Similar to the case against other viruses known to be targeted by ISG20, the antibunyaviral activity of ISG20 is dependent upon its functional RNase activity. Through use of an infectious virus-like particle (VLP) assay (based on the BUNV minigenome system), we confirmed that gene expression from all 3 viral segments is strongly inhibited by ISG20. Using in vitro evolution, we generated a substantially ISG20-resistant BUNV and mapped the determinants of ISG20 sensitivity/resistance. Taking all the data together, we report that ISG20 is a broad and potent antibunyaviral factor but that some bunyaviruses are remarkably ISG20 resistant. Thus, ISG20 sensitivity/resistance may influence the pathogenesis of bunyaviruses, many of which are emerging viruses of clinical or veterinary significance. IMPORTANCE There are hundreds of bunyaviruses, many of which cause life-threatening acute diseases in humans and livestock. The interferon (IFN) system is a key component of innate immunity, and type I IFNs limit bunyaviral propagation both in vitro and in vivo . Type I IFN signaling results in the upregulation of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose concerted action generates an “antiviral state.” Although IFNs are critical in limiting bunyaviral replication and pathogenesis, much is still unknown about which ISGs inhibit bunyaviruses. Using ISG-expression screening, we examined the ability of ∼500 unique ISGs to inhibit Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (BUNV), the prototypical bunyavirus. Using this approach, we identified ISG20, an interferon-stimulated exonuclease, as a potent inhibitor of BUNV. Interestingly, ISG20 possesses highly selective antibunyaviral activity, with multiple bunyaviruses being potently inhibited while some largely escape inhibition. We speculate that the ability of some bunyaviruses to escape ISG20 may influence their pathogenesis.

Oxygen Uptake of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss Phagocytes Following Stimulation of the Respiratory Burst

1990 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-353
Author(s):  
L. A. J. NAGELKERKE ◽  
M. C. PANNEVIS ◽  
D. F. HOULIHAN ◽  
C. J. SECOMBES
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Respiratory Burst ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Calcium Ionophore ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Ionophore A23187 ◽  
Stimulation Of

The in vitro oxygen uptake of rainbow trout phagocyte-enriched head kidney leucocyte and head kidney macrophage suspensions was monitored. Stimulation of these cells with zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate induced a two-to 10-fold increase in oxygen uptake, the so-called respiratory burst. This respiratory burst activity was markedly enhanced in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187 and inhibited in the presence of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyl iodonium or when glucose was absent from the buffer. The presence of sodium azide also inhibited the response of phagocyte-enriched suspensions by approximately 36 %, but only by 16 % for macrophage suspensions. The possible pathways responsible for the respiratory burst in fish phagocytes and its biological significance are discussed.

scholarly journals Neutrophils Produce Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) in a Dectin-1- and IL-23-Dependent Manner during Invasive Fungal Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 3966-3977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Werner ◽  
Melissa A. Gessner ◽  
Lauren M. Lilly ◽  
Michael P. Nelson ◽  
Allison E. Metz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Invasive Fungal Infection ◽  
Intracellular Cytokine Staining ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Interleukin 17A ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACTWe have previously reported that compromised interleukin 17A (IL-17A) production in the lungs increased susceptibility to infection with the invasive fungal pathogenAspergillus fumigatus. Here we have shown that culturing lung cells fromA. fumigatus-challenged miceex vivodemonstrated Dectin-1-dependent IL-17A production. In this system, neutralization of IL-23 but not IL-6, IL-1β, or IL-18 resulted in attenuated IL-17A production.Il23mRNA expression was found to be lower in lung cells fromA. fumigatus-challenged Dectin-1-deficient mice, whereas bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Dectin-1-deficient mice failed to produce IL-23 in response toA. fumigatusin vitro. Addition of recombinant IL-23 augmented IL-17A production by wild-type (WT) and Dectin-1-deficient lung cells, although the addition of IL-6 or IL-1β did not augment the effect of IL-23. Intracellular cytokine staining of lung cells revealed lower levels of CD11b+IL-17A+and Ly-6G+IL-17A+cells inA. fumigatus-challenged Dectin-1-deficient mice. Ly-6G+neutrophils purified from the lungs ofA. fumigatus-challenged Dectin-1-deficient mice displayed lowerIl17amRNA expression but surprisingly had intactRorcandRoramRNA expression. We further demonstrated that Ly-6G+neutrophils required the presence of myeloid cells for IL-17A production. Finally, uponin vitrostimulation withA. fumigatus, thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal neutrophils were positive for intracellular IL-17A expression and produced IL-17A in a Dectin-1- and IL-23-dependent manner. In summary, Dectin-1-dependent IL-17A production in the lungs during invasive fungal infection is mediated in part by CD11b+Ly-6G+neutrophils in an IL-23-dependent manner.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF STEROIDS IN THE SERUM OF RAINBOW TROUT DURING SPERMIATION AND OOCYTE MATURATION

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. CAMPBELL ◽  
A. FOSTIER ◽  
B. JALABERT ◽  
B. TRUSCOTT
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Final Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Identification And Quantification

17α-Hydroxy-20β-dihydroprogesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were found in higher concentrations in serum from female Salmo gairdneri undergoing final oocyte maturation immediately before ovulation than in serum from spermiating male trout. Other steroids (11-deoxycorticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol and progesterone) which have been implicated in oocyte maturation and/or ovulation in lower vertebrates were not identified at such high concentrations and the differences between the serum of both sexes were not so great. These results confirm that 17α-hydroxy-20β-dihydroprogesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, the most potent inducers of trout oocyte maturation in vitro, are present in the blood when oocyte maturation occurs. The concentration of testosterone was found to be higher in serum from female than from male trout indicating that testosterone is unlikely to be the principal androgen in trout. High concentrations of 11-oxotestosterone in male and barely detectable levels in female fish support the hypothesis that 11-oxotestosterone is an important androgen in the regulation of testicular activity.

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