scholarly journals Insight from Molecular, Pathological, and Immunohistochemical Studies on Cellular and Humoral Mechanisms Responsible for Vaccine-Induced Protection of Rainbow Trout against Yersinia ruckeri

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1623-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidhartha Deshmukh ◽  
Per W. Kania ◽  
Jiwan K. Chettri ◽  
Jakob Skov ◽  
Anders M. Bojesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Yersinia Ruckeri ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Immune Related Genes

ABSTRACTThe immunological mechanisms associated with protection of vaccinated rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, against enteric redmouth disease (ERM), caused byYersinia ruckeri, were previously elucidated by the use of gene expression methodology and immunochemical methods. That approach pointed indirectly to both humoral and cellular elements being involved in protection. The present study correlates the level of protection in rainbow trout to cellular reactions in spleen and head kidney and visualizes the processes by applying histopathological, immunohistochemical, andin situhybridization techniques. It was shown that these cellular reactions, which were more prominent in spleen than in head kidney, were associated with the expression of immune-related genes, suggesting a Th2-like response.Y. ruckeri, as shown byin situhybridization (ISH), was eliminated within a few days in vaccinated fish, whereas nonprotected fish still harbored bacteria for a week after infection. Vaccinated fish reestablished normal organ structure within a few days, whereas nonprotected fish showed abnormalities up to 1 month postinfection. Protection in the early phase of infection was mainly associated with the expression of genes encoding innate factors (complement factors, lysozyme, and acute phase proteins), but in the later phase of infection, increased expression of adaptive immune genes dominated. The histological approach used has shown that the cellular changes correlated with protection of vaccinated fish. They comprised transformation of resident cells into macrophage-like cells and increased occurrence of CD8α and IgM cells, suggesting these cells as main players in protection. Future studies should investigate the causality between these factors and protection.

scholarly journals Competition between Metals for Binding to Methanobactin Enables Expression of Soluble Methane Monooxygenase in the Presence of Copper

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 1024-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagyalakshmi Kalidass ◽  
Muhammad Farhan Ul-Haque ◽  
Bipin S. Baral ◽  
Alan A. DiSpirito ◽  
Jeremy D. Semrau
Keyword(s):  
Methane Monooxygenase ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Copper Uptake ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Soluble Methane Monooxygenase ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Membrane Bound

ABSTRACTIt is well known that copper is a key factor regulating expression of the two forms of methane monooxygenase found in proteobacterial methanotrophs. Of these forms, the cytoplasmic, or soluble, methane monooxygenase (sMMO) is expressed only at low copper concentrations. The membrane-bound, or particulate, methane monooxygenase (pMMO) is constitutively expressed with respect to copper, and such expression increases with increasing copper. Recent findings have shown that copper uptake is mediated by a modified polypeptide, or chalkophore, termed methanobactin. Although methanobactin has high specificity for copper, it can bind other metals, e.g., gold. Here we show that inMethylosinus trichosporiumOB3b, sMMO is expressed and active in the presence of copper if gold is also simultaneously present. Such expression appears to be due to gold binding to methanobactin produced byM. trichosporiumOB3b, thereby limiting copper uptake. Such expression and activity, however, was significantly reduced if methanobactin preloaded with copper was also added. Further, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) of transcripts of genes encoding polypeptides of both forms of MMO and SDS-PAGE results indicate that both sMMO and pMMO can be expressed when copper and gold are present, as gold effectively competes with copper for binding to methanobactin. Such findings suggest that under certain geochemical conditions, both forms of MMO may be expressed and activein situ. Finally, these findings also suggest strategies whereby field sites can be manipulated to enhance sMMO expression, i.e., through the addition of a metal that can compete with copper for binding to methanobactin.

scholarly journals The Early Immune Response of Lymphoid and Myeloid Head-Kidney Cells of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Stimulated with Aeromonas salmonicida

Fishes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Fabio Sarais ◽  
Ruth Montero ◽  
Sven Ostermann ◽  
Alexander Rebl ◽  
Bernd Köllner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Cell Subpopulations ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Head Kidney Cells

The teleost head kidney is a highly relevant immune organ, and myeloid cells play a major role in this organ’s innate and adaptive immune responses. Because of their complexity, the early phases of the innate immune reaction of fish against bacteria are still poorly understood. In this study, naïve rainbow trout were stimulated with inactivated A. salmonicida and sampled at 12 h, 24 h and 7 d poststimulation. Cells from the head kidney were magnetically sorted with a monoclonal antibody mAB21 to obtain one (MAb21-positive) fraction enriched with myeloid cells and one (MAb21-negative) fraction enriched with lymphocytes and thrombocytes. The gene expression pattern of the resulting cell subpopulations was analysed using a panel of 43 immune-related genes. The results show an overall downregulation of the complement pathway and cytokine production at the considered time points. Some of the selected genes may be considered as parameters for diagnosing bacterial furunculosis of rainbow trout.

scholarly journals Small-Molecule Inhibition of Choline Catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Other Aerobic Choline-Catabolizing Bacteria

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (13) ◽  
pp. 4383-4389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam F. Fitzsimmons ◽  
Stevenson Flemer ◽  
A. Sandy Wurthmann ◽  
P. Bruce Deker ◽  
Indra Neil Sarkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Dependent Growth

ABSTRACTCholine is abundant in association with eukaryotes and plays roles in osmoprotection, thermoprotection, and membrane biosynthesis in many bacteria. Aerobic catabolism of choline is widespread among soil proteobacteria, particularly those associated with eukaryotes. Catabolism of choline as a carbon, nitrogen, and/or energy source may play important roles in association with eukaryotes, including pathogenesis, symbioses, and nutrient cycling. We sought to generate choline analogues to study bacterial choline catabolismin vitroandin situ. Here we report the characterization of a choline analogue, propargylcholine, which inhibits choline catabolism at the level of Dgc enzyme-catalyzed dimethylglycine demethylation inPseudomonas aeruginosa. We used genetic analyses and13C nuclear magnetic resonance to demonstrate that propargylcholine is catabolized to its inhibitory form, propargylmethylglycine. Chemically synthesized propargylmethylglycine was also an inhibitor of growth on choline. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that there are genes encoding DgcA homologues in a variety of proteobacteria. We examined the broader utility of propargylcholine and propargylmethylglycine by assessing growth of other members of the proteobacteria that are known to grow on choline and possess putative DgcA homologues. Propargylcholine showed utility as a growth inhibitor inP. aeruginosabut did not inhibit growth in other proteobacteria tested. In contrast, propargylmethylglycine was able to inhibit choline-dependent growth in all tested proteobacteria, includingPseudomonas mendocina,Pseudomonas fluorescens,Pseudomonas putida,Burkholderia cepacia,Burkholderia ambifaria, andSinorhizobium meliloti. We predict that chemical inhibitors of choline catabolism will be useful for studying this pathway in clinical and environmental isolates and could be a useful tool to study proteobacterial choline catabolismin situ.

scholarly journals Integrative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Immune Mechanism for A CyHV-3-Resistant Common Carp Strain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiying Jia ◽  
Nan Wu ◽  
Xiaona Jiang ◽  
Heng Li ◽  
Jiaxin Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Ontology ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Immune Mechanism ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
Immune Related Genes

ABSTRACTAnti-disease breeding is becoming the most promising solution to cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) infection, the major threat to common carp aquaculture. Mortality studies suggested that a breeding strain of common carp is resistant to this disease. This study illustrates the immune mechanisms involved in anti-CyHV-3 ability. An integrative analysis of the protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) using transcriptomic data was also performed. Tissues from the head kidney of common carp were extracted at day 0 (the healthy control) and day 7 after CyHV-3 infection (the survivors), and used to analyze the transcriptome through both Illumina and Pac-bio sequencing. Following analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and Gene Ontology terms involved, the immune-related genes were merged. These genes were filtered using the current common carp immune gene library, and information on the immune process was detailed. Immune gene categories and their corresponding genes in different comparison groups were revealed. Also, the immunological Gene Ontology terms for lncRNA modulation were retained. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used for the regulation of immune genes lncRNA. The results demonstrated that the breeding carp strain develops marked resistance to CyHV-3 through a specific innate immune mechanism. The featured biological processes were autophagy, phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, and virus blockage by lectins and mucin 3 (MUC3). Moreover, the immune suppressive signals, such as suppression of interleukin 21 receptor (IL21R) on STAT3, PI3K mediated the inhibition of inflammation by dopamine upon infection, as well as the inhibition of NLR family CARD domain containing 3 (NLRC3) on STING during a steady state. Possible susceptible factors for CyHV-3, such as integrin beta 1 (ITGB1), toll-like receptor 18 (TLR18), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), were also revealed from the common strain. The results of this study suggested that the regulation of galectin 3 (LGALS3) and T cell leukemia homeobox 3 (TLX3) by lncRNA may play a role in the resistance mechanism. Therefore, immune factors that are immunogenetically insensitive or susceptible to CyHV-3 infection have been revealed.

scholarly journals Gammaproteobacterial Methanotrophs Dominate Cold Methane Seeps in Floodplains of West Siberian Rivers

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (19) ◽  
pp. 5944-5954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Y. Oshkin ◽  
Carl-Eric Wegner ◽  
Claudia Lüke ◽  
Mikhail V. Glagolev ◽  
Illiya V. Filippov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Siberia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Irtysh Basin ◽  
Methane Fluxes

ABSTRACTA complex system of muddy fluid-discharging and methane (CH4)-releasing seeps was discovered in a valley of the river Mukhrinskaya, one of the small rivers of the Irtysh Basin, West Siberia. CH4flux from most (90%) of these gas ebullition sites did not exceed 1.45 g CH4h−1, while some seeps emitted up to 5.54 g CH4h−1. The δ13C value of methane released from these seeps varied between −71.1 and −71.3‰, suggesting its biogenic origin. Although the seeps were characterized by lowin situtemperatures (3.5 to 5°C), relatively high rates of methane oxidation (15.5 to 15.9 nmol CH4ml−1day−1) were measured in mud samples. Fluorescencein situhybridization detected 107methanotrophic bacteria (MB) per g of mud (dry weight), which accounted for up to 20.5% of total bacterial cell counts. Most (95.8 to 99.3%) methanotroph cells were type I (gammaproteobacterial) MB. The diversity of methanotrophs in this habitat was further assessed by pyrosequencing ofpmoAgenes, encoding particulate methane monooxygenase. A total of 53,828pmoAgene sequences of seep-inhabiting methanotrophs were retrieved and analyzed. Nearly all of these sequences affiliated with type I MB, including theMethylobacter-Methylovulum-Methylosomagroup, lake cluster 2, and several as-yet-uncharacterized methanotroph clades. Apparently, microbial communities attenuating methane fluxes from these local but strong CH4sources in floodplains of high-latitude rivers have a large proportion of potentially novel, psychrotolerant methanotrophs, thereby providing a challenge for future isolation studies.

scholarly journals Effect of chrysophanic acid on immune response and immune genes transcriptomic profile in Catla catla against Aeromonas hydrophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramasamy Harikrishnan ◽  
Gunapathy Devi ◽  
Chellam Balasundaram ◽  
Hien Van Doan ◽  
Sanchai Jaturasitha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Mrna Transcription ◽  
Gene Profile ◽  
Superoxide Anion Production ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Oxide Synthase

AbstractThe effect of chrysophanic acid (CA) (2, 4, and 8 mg kg−1) on the immunity and immune-related gene profile of Catla catla against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. In both control and treated groups fed with 2 mg kg−1 (2 CA), the phagocytosis, hemolytic, myeloperoxidase content, and superoxide anion production decreased significantly between 6th and 8th weeks, whereas when fed with 4 mg kg−1 CA (4 CA) the H2O2 production and nitric oxide synthase increased significantly between 4th and 8th week. When fed with 2 CA and 4 CA diets, the total protein, bactericidal, and antibody titer increased significantly from the 4th week onwards. When fed with 2 CA, the IL-1β and IL-10 mRNA expression of head kidney leucocytes were significant between weeks 6 and 8. The expressions of toll-like receptors significantly increased when fed with a 4 CA diet from 4th week onwards. The 4 CA group significantly increased in TNF-α, TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (NOD), which influences protein expression, after the 4th week. The mRNA transcription of MHCI, lysozyme-chicken and goose type expressions significantly increased in 4 CA group within the 4th week. In summary, the dietary administration of 4 mg kg−1 of CA (4 CA) provides better immunity and enhances the up-regulation of immune-related genes in Catla against A. hydrophila.

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