scholarly journals Genetic and Epidemiologic Trends of Norovirus Outbreaks in the United States from 2013 to 2016 Demonstrated Emergence of Novel GII.4 Recombinant Viruses

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 2208-2221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Cannon ◽  
Leslie Barclay ◽  
Nikail R. Collins ◽  
Mary E. Wikswo ◽  
Christina J. Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rna Polymerases ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Molecular Surveillance ◽  
Recombinant Viruses

ABSTRACT Noroviruses are the most frequent cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in the United States. Between September 2013 and August 2016, 2,715 genotyped norovirus outbreaks were submitted to CaliciNet. GII.4 Sydney viruses caused 58% of the outbreaks during these years. A GII.4 Sydney virus with a novel GII.P16 polymerase emerged in November 2015, causing 60% of all GII.4 outbreaks in the 2015-2016 season. Several genotypes detected were associated with more than one polymerase type, including GI.3, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4 Sydney, GII.13, and GII.17, four of which harbored GII.P16 polymerases. GII.P16 polymerase sequences associated with GII.2 and GII.4 Sydney viruses were nearly identical, suggesting common ancestry. Other common genotypes, each causing 5 to 17% of outbreaks in a season, included GI.3, GI.5, GII.2, GII.3, GII.6, GII.13, and GII.17 Kawasaki 308. Acquisition of alternative RNA polymerases by recombination is an important mechanism for norovirus evolution and a phenomenon that was shown to occur more frequently than previously recognized in the United States. Continued molecular surveillance of noroviruses, including typing of both polymerase and capsid genes, is important for monitoring emerging strains in our continued efforts to reduce the overall burden of norovirus disease.

scholarly journals Genomics Analyses of GIV and GVI Noroviruses Reveal the Distinct Clustering of Human and Animal Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Ford-Siltz ◽  
Lisa Mullis ◽  
Yasser Sanad ◽  
Kentaro Tohma ◽  
Cara Lepore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Major Capsid Protein ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Full Genome ◽  
Complete Genomes ◽  
Animal Strains ◽  
Canine Norovirus

Noroviruses are highly diverse viruses that are the major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Although these viruses can infect multiple mammalian species, their potential for zoonosis is not well understood, especially within Genogroup IV (GIV), which contains viruses that infect humans, canines, and felines. The study of GIV viruses has been, in part, hindered by the limited number of complete genomes. Here, we developed a full-genome amplicon-based platform that facilitated the sequencing of canine noroviruses circulating in the United States. Eight novel nearly full-length canine norovirus genomes and two nearly complete VP1 sequences, including four GIV.2, three GVI.1, and three GVI.2 viruses, were successfully obtained. Only animal strains exhibited GVI/GIV chimeric viruses, demonstrating restrictions in norovirus recombination. Using genomic, phylogenetic, and structural analyses, we show that differences within the major capsid protein and the non-structural proteins of GIV and GVI noroviruses could potentially limit cross-species transmission between humans, canines, and felines.

scholarly journals Molecular and Epidemiologic Trends of Caliciviruses Associated with Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis in the United States, 2000–2004

2006 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenee H. Blanton ◽  
Susan M. Adams ◽  
R. Suzanne Beard ◽  
Gang Wei ◽  
Sandra N. Bulens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals 1099. Antibiotic Prescriptions for Acute Gastroenteritis during Office and Emergency Department Visits–United States, 2006–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S330-S330
Author(s):  
Jennifer P Collins ◽  
Louise Francois Watkins ◽  
Laura M King ◽  
Monina Bartoces ◽  
Katherine Fleming-Dutra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Care Survey ◽  
Ambulatory Medical Care

Abstract Background Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of office and emergency department (ED) visits in the United States. Most patients can be managed with supportive care alone, although some require antibiotics. Limiting unnecessary antibiotic use can minimize side effects and the development of resistance. We used national data to assess antibiotic prescribing for AGE to target areas for stewardship efforts. Methods We used the 2006–2015 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of EDs and National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to describe antibiotic prescribing for AGE. An AGE visit was defined as one with a new problem (<3 months) as the main visit indication and an ICD-9 code for bacterial or viral gastrointestinal infection or AGE symptoms (nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea). We excluded visits with ICD-9 codes for Clostridium difficile or an infection usually requiring antibiotics (e.g., pneumonia). We calculated national annual percentage estimates based on weights of sampled visits and used an α level of 0.01, recommended for these data. Results Of the 12,191 sampled AGE visits, 13% (99% CI: 11–15%) resulted in antibiotic prescriptions, equating to an estimated 1.3 million AGE visits with antibiotic prescriptions annually. Antibiotics were more likely to be prescribed in office AGE visits (16%, 99% CI: 12–20%) compared with ED AGE visits (11%, 99% CI: 9–12%; P < 0.01). Among AGE visits with antibiotic prescriptions, the most frequently prescribed were fluoroquinolones (29%, 99% CI: 21–36%), metronidazole (18%, 99% CI: 13–24%), and penicillins (18%, 99% CI: 11–24%). Antibiotics were prescribed for 25% (99% CI: 8–42%) of visits for bacterial AGE, 16% (99% CI: 12–21%) for diarrhea without nausea or vomiting, and 11% (99% CI: 8–15%) for nausea, vomiting, or both without diarrhea. Among AGE visits with fever (T ≥ 100.9oF) at the visit, 21% (99% CI: 11–31%) resulted in antibiotic prescriptions. Conclusion Patients treated for AGE in office settings were significantly more likely to receive prescriptions for antibiotics compared with those seen in an ED, despite likely lower acuity. Antibiotic prescribing was also high for visits for nausea or vomiting, conditions that usually do not require antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardship for AGE is needed, especially in office settings. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Near-Complete Genome Sequences of Several New Norovirus Genogroup II Genotypes

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. e00007-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeti Chhabra ◽  
Kshama Aswath ◽  
Nikail Collins ◽  
Tahmeed Ahmed ◽  
Maribel Paredes Olórtegui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Genotype Ii

ABSTRACTWe report here the near-complete genome sequences of 13 norovirus strains detected in stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis from Bangladesh, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, Nicaragua, and the United States that are classified into one existing (genotype II.22 [GII.22]), 3 novel (GII.23, GII.24 and GII.25), and 3 tentative novel (GII.NA1, GII.NA2, and GII.NA3) genotypes.

scholarly journals The Etiology of Severe Acute Gastroenteritis Among Adults Visiting Emergency Departments in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 205 (9) ◽  
pp. 1374-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Bresee ◽  
Ruthanne Marcus ◽  
Richard A. Venezia ◽  
William E. Keene ◽  
Dale Morse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Emergency Departments ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Common Ancestry of Borrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato Strains from North America and Europe

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 3010-3012 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Postic ◽  
N. Marti Ras ◽  
R. S. Lane ◽  
P.-F. Humair ◽  
M. M. Wittenbrink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
North American ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Limited Region

Ten atypical European Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Borrelia spp.) strains were genetically characterized, and the diversity was compared to that encountered among relatedBorrelia spp. from North America. Phylogenetic analyses of a limited region of the genome and of the whole genome extend existing knowledge about borrelial diversity reported earlier in Europe and the United States. Our results accord with the evidence that North American and European strains may have a common ancestry.

scholarly journals Gastroenteritis in adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 4959
Author(s):  
Burair Al Jassas ◽  
Marwan Khayat ◽  
Hussin Alzahrani ◽  
Aghareed Asali ◽  
Salem Alsohaimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽  
Comprehensive Search

Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of intestines and stomach which presents with vomiting, fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea. It could be persistent, acute, or chronic, and can also be classified as infectious or non-infectious. Despite improvement in management, the mortality can reach up to 17,000. In this study, our aim was to understand the various etiologies that cause gastroenteritis in adults, and also discuss methods of management. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 1994 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: acute gastroenteritis, diarrheal disease, viral gastroenteritis, bacterial gastroenteritis, diagnoses of gastroenteritis. Each year, more than 350 million cases of acute gastroenteritis occur in the United States only. The largest portion of gastroenteritis cases is due to viral infections. Therefore, the empiric use of antibiotics is usually not recommended. However, in selected patients, empiric antibiotics therapy is indicated and is associated with significant improvement and decrease in mortality. The primary goal of management of gastroenteritis is treating dehydration.

scholarly journals Incidence of Medically-Attended Norovirus-Associated Acute Gastroenteritis in Four Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center Populations in the United States, 2011-2012

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e0126733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott P. Grytdal ◽  
David Rimland ◽  
S. Hannah Shirley ◽  
Maria C. Rodriguez-Barradas ◽  
Matthew Bidwell Goetz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
The United States ◽  
Veteran's Affairs
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