scholarly journals Gastroenteritis in adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 4959
Author(s):  
Burair Al Jassas ◽  
Marwan Khayat ◽  
Hussin Alzahrani ◽  
Aghareed Asali ◽  
Salem Alsohaimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽  
Comprehensive Search

Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of intestines and stomach which presents with vomiting, fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea. It could be persistent, acute, or chronic, and can also be classified as infectious or non-infectious. Despite improvement in management, the mortality can reach up to 17,000. In this study, our aim was to understand the various etiologies that cause gastroenteritis in adults, and also discuss methods of management. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 1994 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: acute gastroenteritis, diarrheal disease, viral gastroenteritis, bacterial gastroenteritis, diagnoses of gastroenteritis. Each year, more than 350 million cases of acute gastroenteritis occur in the United States only. The largest portion of gastroenteritis cases is due to viral infections. Therefore, the empiric use of antibiotics is usually not recommended. However, in selected patients, empiric antibiotics therapy is indicated and is associated with significant improvement and decrease in mortality. The primary goal of management of gastroenteritis is treating dehydration.

Rotavirus

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 519-521
Author(s):  
John T. Sinnott ◽  
Margarita R. Cancio
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
American Family ◽  
Human Pathogens

Acute gastroenteritis is a public health problem of global proportions. Worldwide there are more than 700 million cases of diarrheal disease resulting in around 5 million deaths. In the United States the incidence of acute gastroenteritis is 11% each year and it is second only to respiratory infection as a contagious disease in the American family. The etiology of this common syndrome is obscure but it is becoming apparent that much of this disease is viral in origin. Recent research has elucidated a growing number of human pathogens: Norwalk-like agents, adenoviruses, caliciviruses, and astroviruses. The best understood of these agents are among the earlier discoveries in gastrointestinal virology—the rotaviruses. The study of these agents has greatly advanced our understanding of viral gastroenteritis.

scholarly journals Association of Search Query Interest in Gastrointestinal Symptoms With COVID-19 Diagnosis in the United States: Infodemiology Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjana Rajan ◽  
Ravi Sharaf ◽  
Robert S Brown ◽  
Reem Z Sharaiha ◽  
Benjamin Lebwohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Search Query ◽  
Search Queries ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Case Count

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel viral illness that has rapidly spread worldwide. While the disease primarily presents as a respiratory illness, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea have been reported in up to one-third of confirmed cases, and patients may have mild symptoms that do not prompt them to seek medical attention. Internet-based infodemiology offers an approach to studying symptoms at a population level, even in individuals who do not seek medical care. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if a correlation exists between internet searches for gastrointestinal symptoms and the confirmed case count of COVID-19 in the United States. METHODS The search terms chosen for analysis in this study included common gastrointestinal symptoms such as <i>diarrhea</i>, <i>nausea</i>, <i>vomiting</i>, and <i>abdominal pain</i>. Furthermore, the search terms <i>fever</i> and <i>cough</i> were used as positive controls, and <i>constipation</i> was used as a negative control. Daily query shares for the selected symptoms were obtained from Google Trends between October 1, 2019 and June 15, 2020 for all US states. These shares were divided into two time periods: pre–COVID-19 (prior to March 1) and post–COVID-19 (March 1-June 15). Confirmed COVID-19 case numbers were obtained from the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering data repository. Moving averages of the daily query shares (normalized to baseline pre–COVID-19) were then analyzed against the confirmed disease case count and daily new cases to establish a temporal relationship. RESULTS The relative search query shares of many symptoms, including <i>nausea</i>, <i>vomiting</i>, <i>abdominal pain</i>, and <i>constipation</i>, remained near or below baseline throughout the time period studied; however, there were notable increases in searches for the positive control symptoms of <i>fever</i> and <i>cough</i> as well as for <i>diarrhea</i>. These increases in daily search queries for <i>fever</i>, <i>cough</i>, and <i>diarrhea</i> preceded the rapid rise in number of cases by approximately 10 to 14 days. The search volumes for these terms began declining after mid-March despite the continued rises in cumulative cases and daily new case counts. CONCLUSIONS Google searches for symptoms may precede the actual rises in cases and hospitalizations during pandemics. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, this study demonstrates that internet search queries for <i>fever</i>, <i>cough</i>, and <i>diarrhea</i> increased prior to the increased confirmed case count by available testing during the early weeks of the pandemic in the United States. While the search volumes eventually decreased significantly as the number of cases continued to rise, internet query search data may still be a useful tool at a population level to identify areas of active disease transmission at the cusp of new outbreaks.

scholarly journals Association of Search Query Interest in Gastrointestinal Symptoms With COVID-19 Diagnosis in the United States: Infodemiology Study

10.2196/19354 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. e19354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjana Rajan ◽  
Ravi Sharaf ◽  
Robert S Brown ◽  
Reem Z Sharaiha ◽  
Benjamin Lebwohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Search Query ◽  
Search Queries ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Case Count

Background Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel viral illness that has rapidly spread worldwide. While the disease primarily presents as a respiratory illness, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea have been reported in up to one-third of confirmed cases, and patients may have mild symptoms that do not prompt them to seek medical attention. Internet-based infodemiology offers an approach to studying symptoms at a population level, even in individuals who do not seek medical care. Objective This study aimed to determine if a correlation exists between internet searches for gastrointestinal symptoms and the confirmed case count of COVID-19 in the United States. Methods The search terms chosen for analysis in this study included common gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Furthermore, the search terms fever and cough were used as positive controls, and constipation was used as a negative control. Daily query shares for the selected symptoms were obtained from Google Trends between October 1, 2019 and June 15, 2020 for all US states. These shares were divided into two time periods: pre–COVID-19 (prior to March 1) and post–COVID-19 (March 1-June 15). Confirmed COVID-19 case numbers were obtained from the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering data repository. Moving averages of the daily query shares (normalized to baseline pre–COVID-19) were then analyzed against the confirmed disease case count and daily new cases to establish a temporal relationship. Results The relative search query shares of many symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and constipation, remained near or below baseline throughout the time period studied; however, there were notable increases in searches for the positive control symptoms of fever and cough as well as for diarrhea. These increases in daily search queries for fever, cough, and diarrhea preceded the rapid rise in number of cases by approximately 10 to 14 days. The search volumes for these terms began declining after mid-March despite the continued rises in cumulative cases and daily new case counts. Conclusions Google searches for symptoms may precede the actual rises in cases and hospitalizations during pandemics. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, this study demonstrates that internet search queries for fever, cough, and diarrhea increased prior to the increased confirmed case count by available testing during the early weeks of the pandemic in the United States. While the search volumes eventually decreased significantly as the number of cases continued to rise, internet query search data may still be a useful tool at a population level to identify areas of active disease transmission at the cusp of new outbreaks.

RAILROAD INVESTING AND THE IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN 1880s AMERICA

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel E. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Wall Street ◽  
New Information ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
The Wall Street Journal

This study has a two-fold purpose. First, it seeks to determine the importance of financial accounting information to railroad investors (and speculators) in 1880s America. Second, a further goal is to ascertain what financial accounting information was readily available for use by these investors. Based on a comprehensive search of books of the era, the 1880s were a time of expanding advice for railroad securities holders that required the use of financial accounting information. Furthermore, new information sources arose to help service investors' needs. Statistics by Goodsell and The Wall Street Journal were two such sources. This article reviews these publications along with the ongoing Commercial and Financial Chronicle and Poor's Manual of the Railroads of the United States. Each of these sources helped railroad investors to follow contemporary advice of gathering financial accounting and other information when investing.

scholarly journals Genomics Analyses of GIV and GVI Noroviruses Reveal the Distinct Clustering of Human and Animal Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Ford-Siltz ◽  
Lisa Mullis ◽  
Yasser Sanad ◽  
Kentaro Tohma ◽  
Cara Lepore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Major Capsid Protein ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Full Genome ◽  
Complete Genomes ◽  
Animal Strains ◽  
Canine Norovirus

Noroviruses are highly diverse viruses that are the major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Although these viruses can infect multiple mammalian species, their potential for zoonosis is not well understood, especially within Genogroup IV (GIV), which contains viruses that infect humans, canines, and felines. The study of GIV viruses has been, in part, hindered by the limited number of complete genomes. Here, we developed a full-genome amplicon-based platform that facilitated the sequencing of canine noroviruses circulating in the United States. Eight novel nearly full-length canine norovirus genomes and two nearly complete VP1 sequences, including four GIV.2, three GVI.1, and three GVI.2 viruses, were successfully obtained. Only animal strains exhibited GVI/GIV chimeric viruses, demonstrating restrictions in norovirus recombination. Using genomic, phylogenetic, and structural analyses, we show that differences within the major capsid protein and the non-structural proteins of GIV and GVI noroviruses could potentially limit cross-species transmission between humans, canines, and felines.

Outbreaks of Shellfish-Associated Enteric Virus Illness in the United States: Requisite for Development of Viral Guidelines

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 815-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARY P. RICHARDS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

Outbreaks of hepatitis A, Norwalk illness, and nonspecific viral gastroenteritis are associated with consumption of sewage-contaminated shellfish. Over 100 outbreaks have been reported in the United States during the past 50 years. Reported cases of shellfish-associated enteric virus illness are on the increase, whereas bacterial illness from shellfish is on the decline. As yet, there are no procedures for detecting hepatitis A virus, Norwalk virus and numerous other pathogenic viruses in environmental samples, but virus extraction and assay procedures for water and shellfish are available for the more easily cultivated enteric viruses. Current standards rely on bacterial indicators as a means to evaluate the sanitary quality of shellfish and their growing waters, but the adequacy of using bacteria as indicators of possible virus contamination is questionable. The feasibility of employing enteroviruses or rotaviruses as possible viral indiators is discussed. It is proposed that easily cultivated enteroviruses, such as poliovirus, be used as an interim indicator for the possible presence of human pathogenic viruses in seafoods, with the subsequent formulation of guidelines to limit the levels of virus contamination in shellfish.

scholarly journals Molecular and Epidemiologic Trends of Caliciviruses Associated with Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis in the United States, 2000–2004

2006 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenee H. Blanton ◽  
Susan M. Adams ◽  
R. Suzanne Beard ◽  
Gang Wei ◽  
Sandra N. Bulens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Occupational health and safety in agriculture. A systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Licet Paola Molina-Guzmán ◽  
Leonardo Alberto Ríos-Osorio
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occupational Accidents ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Search Terms

Introduction: The prevalence of occupational diseases in the agricultural sector is higher than in other industries, since agricultural workers are at higher risk of exposure to different chemicals and pesticides, and are more prone to occupational accidents.Objective: To conduct a review of recent literature on occupational health and risk in agriculture.Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, SciencieDirect and Scopus using the following search strategy: type of articles: original research papers; language: English; publication period: 2006-2016; search terms: "agricultural health", "agrarian health", "risk factors", "epidemiology", "causality" and "occupational", used in different combinations ("AND" and "OR").Results: The search yielded 350 articles, of which 102 met the inclusion criteria. Moreover, 5 articles were found in grey literature sources and included in the final analysis. Most research on this topic has been conducted in the United States, which produced 91% (97/107) of the articles included.Conclusions: Most studies on health and safety in agriculture focused primarily on the harmful effects of occupational exposure to agrochemicals and pesticides, and the consequences of occupational accidents. However, since more than 90% of these studies come from the United States, a more comprehensive approach to health in agriculture is required, since what is reported here may be far from the reality of other regions, especially Latin America.

scholarly journals 1099. Antibiotic Prescriptions for Acute Gastroenteritis during Office and Emergency Department Visits–United States, 2006–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S330-S330
Author(s):  
Jennifer P Collins ◽  
Louise Francois Watkins ◽  
Laura M King ◽  
Monina Bartoces ◽  
Katherine Fleming-Dutra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Care Survey ◽  
Ambulatory Medical Care

Abstract Background Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of office and emergency department (ED) visits in the United States. Most patients can be managed with supportive care alone, although some require antibiotics. Limiting unnecessary antibiotic use can minimize side effects and the development of resistance. We used national data to assess antibiotic prescribing for AGE to target areas for stewardship efforts. Methods We used the 2006–2015 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of EDs and National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to describe antibiotic prescribing for AGE. An AGE visit was defined as one with a new problem (&lt;3 months) as the main visit indication and an ICD-9 code for bacterial or viral gastrointestinal infection or AGE symptoms (nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea). We excluded visits with ICD-9 codes for Clostridium difficile or an infection usually requiring antibiotics (e.g., pneumonia). We calculated national annual percentage estimates based on weights of sampled visits and used an α level of 0.01, recommended for these data. Results Of the 12,191 sampled AGE visits, 13% (99% CI: 11–15%) resulted in antibiotic prescriptions, equating to an estimated 1.3 million AGE visits with antibiotic prescriptions annually. Antibiotics were more likely to be prescribed in office AGE visits (16%, 99% CI: 12–20%) compared with ED AGE visits (11%, 99% CI: 9–12%; P &lt; 0.01). Among AGE visits with antibiotic prescriptions, the most frequently prescribed were fluoroquinolones (29%, 99% CI: 21–36%), metronidazole (18%, 99% CI: 13–24%), and penicillins (18%, 99% CI: 11–24%). Antibiotics were prescribed for 25% (99% CI: 8–42%) of visits for bacterial AGE, 16% (99% CI: 12–21%) for diarrhea without nausea or vomiting, and 11% (99% CI: 8–15%) for nausea, vomiting, or both without diarrhea. Among AGE visits with fever (T ≥ 100.9oF) at the visit, 21% (99% CI: 11–31%) resulted in antibiotic prescriptions. Conclusion Patients treated for AGE in office settings were significantly more likely to receive prescriptions for antibiotics compared with those seen in an ED, despite likely lower acuity. Antibiotic prescribing was also high for visits for nausea or vomiting, conditions that usually do not require antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardship for AGE is needed, especially in office settings. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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