scholarly journals Comparison of plasmid profiles, phage types, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enteritidis isolates in the United States.

1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 854-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
D C Rodrigue ◽  
D N Cameron ◽  
N D Puhr ◽  
F W Brenner ◽  
M E St Louis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Plasmid Profiles ◽  
Resistance Patterns

scholarly journals Need for Annual Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Sahm ◽  
James A. Karlowsky ◽  
Laurie J. Kelly ◽  
Ian A. Critchley ◽  
Mark E. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

ABSTRACT Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniae have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed S. pneumoniaeantimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997–1998 and 1998–1999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997–1998 were encountered in 1998–1999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance inS. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.

scholarly journals Evolution of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enteritidis (1972–2005)

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jermaine Khumalo ◽  
Bamusi Saidi ◽  
Joshua Mbanga
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Plasmid Profiles ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
The Common ◽  
Veterinary Laboratory ◽  
Epidemiological Information

With the extensive use of antibiotics in livestock production, surveillance revealed an increase in Salmonella resistance to the commonly used antimicrobials in veterinary and public health. This serious threat to health care is further exacerbated by the limited epidemiological information about the common zoonotic agent, Salmonella enteritidis, required to determine antibiotic therapy. The aim was to characterise the antimicrobial resistance patterns of S. enteritidis isolates across different timelines (1972–2005) with accompanying genetic changes being investigated. Thirty-seven stored S. enteritidis isolates were collected from the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Harare, with antimicrobial susceptibility determined against eight antibiotics. Plasmids were isolated to analyse any genetic variation. An overall significant increase in resistance (p < 0.05) to nalidixic acid (0% – 10%), ampicillin (14.3% – 50%), tetracycline (14.3% – 30%) and erythromycin (71.4% – 100%) was observed across the timeline. However, the highest rates of susceptibility were maintained for gentamicin, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, kanamycin and chloramphenicol. We report an increase in multidrug resistance (MDR) of 14.2% – 50% with an increase in resistotypes and plasmid profiles across the timeline. Eleven plasmid profiles were obtained in the 37 isolates studied with a minority of isolates (21.6%, 8/37) harbouring a 54 kb plasmid, commonly serovar-specific. A concerning increase in antimicrobial resistance to commonly administered drugs was observed across the timeline. The surge in MDR is of great concern and implies the need for consistent antimicrobial stewardship. No correlation was observed between the plasmid and antibiotic profiles.

scholarly journals A comparison ofSalmonella enteritidisphage types from egg-associated outbreaks and implicated laying flocks

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Altekruse ◽  
J. Koehler ◽  
F. Hickman-Brenner ◽  
R. V. Tauxe ◽  
K. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Food Borne

SUMMARYInfections due toSalmonella enteritidisare increasing worldwide. In the United States, between 1985 and 1989. 78% of theS. enteritidisoutbreaks in which a food vehicle was identified implicated a food containing raw or lightly cooked shell eggs.Under a US Department of Agriculture regulation published in 1990, eggs implicated in human food-borneS. enteritidisoutbreaks were traced back to the source flock. The flock environment and the internal organs of a sample of hens were tested forS. enteritidis. We compared theS. enteritidisphage types of isolates from 18 human, egg-associated outbreaks and the 15 flocks implicated through traceback of these outbreaks. The predominant human outbreak phage type was recovered from the environment in 100% of implicated flocks and from the internal organs of hens in 88% of implicated flocks we tested. The results support the use of phage typing as a tool to identify flocks involved in humanS. enteritidisoutbreaks.

scholarly journals Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Patients with Bloodstream Infection: Frequencies of Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 1997)

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1762-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Pfaller ◽  
Ronald N. Jones ◽  
Gary V. Doern ◽  
Kari Kugler ◽  
The Sentry Participants Group
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance

ABSTRACT The SENTRY Program was established in January 1997 to measure the predominant pathogens and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial and community-acquired infections over a broad network of sentinel hospitals in the United States (30 sites), Canada (8 sites), South America (10 sites), and Europe (24 sites). During the first 6-month study period (January to June 1997), a total of 5,058 bloodstream infections (BSI) were reported by North American SENTRY participants (4,119 from the United States and 939 from Canada). In both the United States and Canada, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the most common BSI isolates, followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci.Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp.,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and β-hemolytic streptococci were also among the 10 most frequently reported species in both the United States and Canada. Although the rank orders of pathogens in the United States and Canada were similar, distinct differences were noted in the antimicrobial susceptibilities of several pathogens. Overall, U.S. isolates were considerably more resistant than those from Canada. The differences in the proportions of oxacillin-resistant S. aureus isolates (26.2 versus 2.7% for U.S. and Canadian isolates, respectively), vancomycin-resistant enterococcal isolates (17.7 versus 0% for U.S. and Canadian isolates, respectively), and ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacter sp. isolates (30.6 versus 6.2% for U.S. and Canadian isolates, respectively) dramatically emphasize the relative lack of specific antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA, vanA, and vanB) in the Canadian microbial population. Among U.S. isolates, resistance to oxacillin among staphylococci, to vancomycin among enterococci, to penicillin among pneumococci, and to ceftazidime amongEnterobacter spp. was observed in both nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens, although in almost every instance the proportion of resistant strains was higher among nosocomial isolates. Antimicrobial resistance continues to increase, and ongoing surveillance of microbial pathogens and resistance profiles is essential on national and international scales.

scholarly journals Strain Types and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Clostridium difficile Isolates from the United States, 2011 to 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 4214-4218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella A. Tickler ◽  
Richard V. Goering ◽  
Joseph D. Whitmore ◽  
Ashley N. W. Lynn ◽  
David H. Persing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Strain Type ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

ABSTRACTWe determined the PCR ribotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 508 toxigenicClostridium difficileisolates collected between 2011 and 2013 from 32 U.S. hospitals. Of the 29 PCR ribotypes identified, the 027 strain type was the most common (28.1%), although the rates varied by geographic region. Ribotype 014/020 isolates appear to be emerging. Clindamycin and moxifloxacin resistances (36.8% and 35.8%, respectively) were the most frequent resistance phenotypes observed. Reduced susceptibility to vancomycin was observed in 39.1% of 027 isolates.

scholarly journals Pediatric Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends across the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1244-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranita D. Tamma ◽  
Gwen L. Robinson ◽  
Jeffrey S. Gerber ◽  
Jason G. Newland ◽  
Chloe M. DeLisle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Pediatric Healthcare ◽  
Regional Comparisons ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Over Time

Objective.Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns across US pediatric healthcare institutions are unknown. A national pooled pediatric antibiogram (1) identifies nationwide trends in antimicrobial resistance, (2) allows across-hospital benchmarking, and (3) provides guidance for empirical antimicrobial regimens for institutions unable to generate pediatric antibiograms.Methods.In January 2012, a request for submission of pediatric antibiograms between 2005 and 2011 was sent to 233 US hospitals. A summary antibiogram was compiled from participating institutions to generate proportions of antimicrobial susceptibility. Temporal and regional comparisons were evaluated using χ² tests and logistic regression, respectively.Results.Of 200 institutions (85%) responding to our survey, 78 (39%) reported generating pediatric antibiograms, and 55 (71%) submitted antibiograms. Carbapenems had the highest activity against the majority of gram-negative organisms tested, but no antibiotic had more than 90% activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Approximately 50% of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. Western hospitals had significantly lower proportions of S. aureus that were methicillin resistant compared with all other regions tested. Overall, 21% of S. aureus isolates had resistance to clindamycin. Among Enterococcus faecium isolates, the prevalence of susceptibility to ampicillin (25%) and vancomycin (45%) was low but improved over time (P < .01), and 8% of E. faecium isolates were resistant to linezolid. Southern hospitals reported significantly higher prevalence of E. faecium with susceptibilities to ampicillin, vancomycin, and linezolid compared with the other 3 regions (P < .01).Conclusions.A pooled, pediatric antibiogram can identify nationwide antimicrobial resistance patterns for common pathogens and might serve as a useful tool for benchmarking resistance and informing national prescribing guidelines for children.

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