scholarly journals Evaluation of a 2-minute anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test using the autologous erythrocyte agglutination technique with populations differing in HIV prevalence.

1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1373-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sirivichayakul ◽  
P Phanuphak ◽  
S Tanprasert ◽  
S Thanomchat ◽  
C Uneklabh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Global Burden of Hepatitis B Infection in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 2799-2806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Leumi ◽  
Jean Joel Bigna ◽  
Marie A Amougou ◽  
Anderson Ngouo ◽  
Ulrich Flore Nyaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Pool Data ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the global burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Methods We searched multiple databases for studies published between January 1990 and December 2017. HBV infection (hepatitis B surface antigen) was diagnosed with serological assays. A random-effects meta-analysis served to pool data. Results We included 358 studies (834 544 PLWH from 87 countries). The pooled prevalence of HBV infection was 8.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9%–8.8%), among which 26.8% (95% CI, 22.0%–31.9%) was positive to hepatitis B e antigen. HBV prevalence (with 95% CIs) differed according to region: West and Central Africa, 12.4% (11.0%–13.8%); Middle East and North Africa, 9.9% (6.0%–14.6%); Asia and the Pacific, 9.8% (8.7%–11.0%); Eastern and Southern Africa, 7.4% (6.4%–8.4%); Western and Central Europe and North America, 6.0% (5.5%–6.7%); and Latin America and the Caribbean, 5.1% (4.2%–6.2%) (P < .0001). The prevalence decreased from 10.4% in low-developed to 6.6% in highly developed countries (P < .0001) and increased from 7.3% in countries with HIV prevalence ≤1% to 9.7% in countries with HIV prevalence >1% (P < .0001). Globally, we estimated that there were 3 136 500 (95% CI, 2 952 000–3 284 100) cases of HBV in PLWH, with 73.8% of estimated regional cases from sub-Saharan Africa and 17.1% from Asia and the Pacific. Conclusions This study suggests a high burden of HBV infection in PLWH, with disparities according to region, level of development, and country HIV prevalence.

scholarly journals The South African Nurse’s Knowledge of Occupational Human Immunodeficiency Virus Postexposure Prophylaxis in the Era of Controlled and Stable HIV Prevalence

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melitah Molatelo Rasweswe ◽  
Mmapheko Doriccah Peu
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Risk Of Hiv Acquisition

Knowledge is a crucial aspect of nursing. Nurses, just like any other healthcare workers (HCWs), are empowered with the knowledge of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP) protocol to be followed, including post-exposure to blood and body fluids (BBFs). The utilization of HIV PEP demonstrated its capabilities to prevent HCWs from HIV infections. However, the practice in healthcare settings remains a challenge, as many HCWs do not adhere to the protocol. This study investigated how knowledgeable nurses are about HIV PEP in the era of controlled and stable HIV prevalence. Ninety-four nurses completed a self-administered questionnaire to provide information. A biostatistician assisted with data analysis, using Microsoft Excel converted to the STATA 13 format. Most (77.0%) were female with a mean age of 30 ± 9 years. The degree of knowledge was low, although the results showed that 90.43% of nurses had been informed about HIV PEP. Eighty (84%) did not know where to access HIV PEP, and (55.32%) were unaware of HIV PEP guidelines. A comparison between knowledge and work experience revealed that those with five years and less experience are less knowledgeable. There is a need to improve nurses’ knowledge of HIV PEP to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition from work-related activities.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Africans Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 445-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divine Nzuobontane ◽  
Blackett Kathleen Ngu ◽  
Kuaban Christopher
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Autonomic Dysfunction ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses ◽  
African Patients ◽  
Hiv Negative

The effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on cardiovascular autonomic function have been little investigated in African patients. We performed standard heart-rate and blood pressure tests on 75 consecutive consenting patients referred for an HIV test in Yaounde, Cameroon. 54 patients proved to be HIV-infected (30 having progressed to AIDS). Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction was present in 8 (28%) patients with AIDS and in 1 (4%) HIV-positive patient without AIDS; no HIV-negative individuals had abnormal results. If borderline results are included, over 80% of HIV-positive patients had cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. In HIV-infected patients, simple tests such as blood pressure responses to standing or handgrip can warn of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, thus signalling the need for added precautions when invasive procedures are proposed.

Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from a Previously Unexplored Region of South Africa with a High HIV Prevalence

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Obong Bessong ◽  
Chikwelu Larry Obi ◽  
Tonie Cilliers ◽  
Isaac Choge ◽  
Mary Phoswa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Implications of the human immunodeficiency virus test and treat strategy on antiretroviral treatment uptake and retention outcomes in Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 4716
Author(s):  
Rogers A. Awoh ◽  
Halle G. Ekane ◽  
Anastase Dzudie ◽  
Egbe O. Thomas ◽  
Adebola Adedimeji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Retention Data ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Test And Treat ◽  
Art Initiation ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: Success of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test-and-treat (T&T) strategy requires high antiretroviral (ART) uptake and retention. However, low ART uptake and retention continue to be reported in ART programs. This study assessed ART uptake and retention outcomes of the HIV T&T strategy in three HIV clinics in Cameroon.Methods: A retrospective chart review was done for 423 patients who initiated HIV care within a period of three months prior to the implementation of the HIV T&T strategy, and for another 423 patients who initiated HIV care within a three-month period following the HIV T&T strategy implementation. For each group, sociodemographic, ART uptake and retention data were collected. Chi square and Student T tests were used to test for differences proportions and means between the two groups at p <0.05 and 95% confidence interval.Results: The mean ages (years) in the pre-T&T and the T&T groups were 39.73 and 39.72, and the proportion of female were 65.85% and 65.08% respectively. ART uptake proportion was higher amongst those enrolled under the T&T strategy (98.08% vs 95.39%, p=0.02). A greater proportion of the patients in the T&T group initiated ART within 2 weeks following HIV diagnosis (55.84% vs 48.17%, p=0.03). However, ART retention at 24th month was lower in the T&T group (78.83% vs. 85.79%, p=0.01).Conclusions: The findings suggest that the T&T strategy is associated with higher ART uptake, earlier ART initiation, and lower ART retention. This underscores a need for strategies to improve ART retention under the HIV T&T guidelines. 

scholarly journals Seropositivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus among Intending Blood Donors in Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
B. A. Abeni ◽  
N. Frank- Peterside ◽  
O. E. Agbagwa ◽  
S. A. Adewuyi ◽  
T. I. Cookey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Safe Blood ◽  
Rivers State

Aims: Provision of constant and safe blood has been a public health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa with a high prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs). This study aimed at determining the seroprevalence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among prospective blood donors at two Hospitals (government and private-owned) in Rivers State, and also to relate some demographic studies to the screening results. Study Design:  Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Two Hospitals (a government-owned and private-owned) in Rivers State, Nigeria, between January 2018 and April 2019. Methodology: Two hundred and eighty-two (185 males and 97 females) blood donors were recruited for this study. Sera samples were screened for antibodies to HIV-1 and -2 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based kits following the manufacturer’s description. Results: Of the 282 screened prospective donors (males and females) in this study, the overall prevalence of HIV from both hospitals was 6.0% with a seronegativity of 94.0%. There was a significant relationship (p <0.05) between the overall seroprevalence of HIV concerning gender (p-0.006) all other demographics had no significant association with HIV. Age group 21-30 had the highest prevalence of HIV (53.80%). Donors with tertiary education had the highest prevalence rate (52.90%) of HIV. About marital status, the unmarried donors had higher HIV prevalence (64.70%) when compared with the married donors (35.30%). However, family donors had the highest prevalence of HIV (52.90%). Finally, concerning occupation, students had a higher HIV prevalence (47.10%). Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HIV in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria was high. This shows that HIV remains a threat to safe blood transfusion and public health in Nigeria. Strict adherence to selection criteria and algorithm of donor screening is hereby advocated.

scholarly journals A Computer Based System for Evaluating the Risk of Contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Simple Evaluation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Living With Hiv

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) remain global pandemics. The 2020 statistics released in 2021 showed that about 37.6 million people globally are living with HIV; 1.5 million people became newly infected in 2020 and 690,000 people died from AIDS related cases the same year. A literature search revealed that more than 1.6 million Nigerians have died of HIV/AIDS since the outbreak of the epidemic in 1985 while millions of Nigerians are living with HIV as of today. Certain factors have contributed to this alarming statistic. One of such is the unwillingness by most persons to undertake an HIV test due to the fear of stigmatization. A simple system that can be of help in evaluating a person’s risk of contracting HIV without stigmatization is developed in this work. The system takes into account some behavioural factors, signs and symptoms that suggest a person may be at risk of having or be prone to HIV and thus makes a prediction of the risk status based on the input supplied. A simple framework was developed with input from medical practitioners based on their wealth of experience. The input was used to derive twenty two (22) questions centered on behavioural factors, signs and symptoms which were designed to be answered by the users during interaction with the system. A simple evaluation takes place using the user’s inputs and a predefined set of rules to classify the risk value as one of (Very High, High, Moderate, Low and Not at Risk) with appropriate advice. The system was implemented in Visual Studio Environment using Visual Basic.Net. It is expected that after using the system, users will be encouraged to go for tests where it is recommended. However, it to be noted that this system does not confirm HIV status as only a blood test can do that

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