scholarly journals The South African Nurse’s Knowledge of Occupational Human Immunodeficiency Virus Postexposure Prophylaxis in the Era of Controlled and Stable HIV Prevalence

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melitah Molatelo Rasweswe ◽  
Mmapheko Doriccah Peu
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Risk Of Hiv Acquisition

Knowledge is a crucial aspect of nursing. Nurses, just like any other healthcare workers (HCWs), are empowered with the knowledge of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP) protocol to be followed, including post-exposure to blood and body fluids (BBFs). The utilization of HIV PEP demonstrated its capabilities to prevent HCWs from HIV infections. However, the practice in healthcare settings remains a challenge, as many HCWs do not adhere to the protocol. This study investigated how knowledgeable nurses are about HIV PEP in the era of controlled and stable HIV prevalence. Ninety-four nurses completed a self-administered questionnaire to provide information. A biostatistician assisted with data analysis, using Microsoft Excel converted to the STATA 13 format. Most (77.0%) were female with a mean age of 30 ± 9 years. The degree of knowledge was low, although the results showed that 90.43% of nurses had been informed about HIV PEP. Eighty (84%) did not know where to access HIV PEP, and (55.32%) were unaware of HIV PEP guidelines. A comparison between knowledge and work experience revealed that those with five years and less experience are less knowledgeable. There is a need to improve nurses’ knowledge of HIV PEP to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition from work-related activities.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acute Deep Vein Thromboses

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Louw ◽  
Barry F. Jacobson ◽  
Harry Büller
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
South African ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Deep Vein

Abnormalities that predispose to a hypercoagulable state with an increased incidence of venous thrombosis have been described in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and are associated with an increased mortality. A recent systematic review by Klein et al concluded that further studies are essential to elucidate the link between HIV infection and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). We prospectively evaluated 24 consecutive, active people presenting with an acute DVT; 13 consented to HIV testing, revealing an HIV prevalence of 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-1.04). In a matched healthy control group, the HIV prevalence was 4% (95% CI, 0.039-0.041). The high HIV prevalence in the DVT group that consented to testing was also significantly higher compared to that in the South African population, estimated to be 10% in 2005. Although the study numbers were low, a statistically significant increased prevalence of HIV infection was found in patients with acute DVTs.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis in Adolescents and Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Megan E. Brundrett
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Prevention Services ◽  
Preexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Acquisition

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention holds the promise of decreasing the burden of HIV infections worldwide. Access to HIV prevention services, including preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), is a key strategy in reducing HIV transmission, but it continues to be underused. PrEP, a once-daily medication for HIV prevention, is approved for adolescents. A pediatrician’s role is critical in identifying and increasing access for adolescents and young adults to PrEP services and reducing HIV acquisition in youth.

scholarly journals Novel Strategy To Adapt Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus E1 Carryingenvfrom an RV144 Volunteer to Rhesus Macaques: Coreceptor Switch and Final Recovery of a Pathogenic Virus with Exclusive R5 Tropism

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna B. Scinto ◽  
Sandeep Gupta ◽  
Swati Thorat ◽  
Muhammad M. Mukhtar ◽  
Anthony Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Placebo Recipient ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Coreceptor Switch ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Hiv Acquisition

ABSTRACTThe phase III RV144 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trial conducted in Thailand remains the only study to show efficacy in decreasing the HIV acquisition risk. In Thailand, circulating recombinant forms of HIV clade A/E (CRF01_AE) predominate; in such viruses,envoriginates from clade E (HIV-E). We constructed a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) chimera carryingenvisolated from an RV144 placebo recipient in the SHIV-1157ipd3N4 backbone. The latter contains long terminal repeats (LTRs) with duplicated NF-κB sites, thus resembling HIV LTRs. We devised a novel strategy to adapt the parental infectious molecular clone (IMC), R5 SHIV-E1, to rhesus macaques: the simultaneous depletion of B and CD8+cells followed by the intramuscular inoculation of proviral DNA and repeated administrations of cell-free virus. High-level viremia and CD4+T-cell depletion ensued. Passage 3 virus unexpectedly caused acute, irreversible CD4+T-cell loss; the partially adapted SHIV had become dual tropic. Virus and IMCs with exclusive R5 tropism were reisolated from earlier passages, combined, and used to complete adaptation through additional macaques. The final isolate, SHIV-E1p5, remained solely R5 tropic. It had a tier 2 neutralization phenotype, was mucosally transmissible, and was pathogenic. Deep sequencing revealed 99% Env amino acid sequence conservation; X4-only and dual-tropic strains had evolved independently from an early branch of parental SHIV-E1. To conclude, our primate model data reveal that SHIV-E1p5 recapitulates important aspects of HIV transmission and pathobiology in humans.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the protective principles that lead to a safe, effective vaccine against HIV in nonhuman primate (NHP) models requires test viruses that allow the evaluation of anti-HIV envelope responses. Reduced HIV acquisition risk in RV144 has been linked to nonneutralizing IgG antibodies with a range of effector activities. Definitive experiments to decipher the mechanisms of the partial protection observed in RV144 require passive-immunization studies in NHPs with a relevant test virus. We have generated such a virus by insertingenvfrom an RV144 placebo recipient into a SHIV backbone with HIV-like LTRs. The final SHIV-E1p5 isolate, grown in rhesus monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells, was mucosally transmissible and pathogenic. Earlier SHIV-E passages showed a coreceptor switch, again mimicking HIV biology in humans. Thus, our series of SHIV-E strains mirrors HIV transmission and disease progression in humans. SHIV-E1p5 represents a biologically relevant tool to assess prevention strategies.

Genital Herpes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 758-772
Author(s):  
Stella Sunur ◽  
Izazi Hari Purwoko ◽  
Yulia Farida Yahya ◽  
Raden Pamudji
Keyword(s):  
Genital Herpes ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexual Transmitted Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Risk Of Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Common Infection

Genital herpes is a recurrent, lifelong sexual transmitted infection caused by HSV, especially type 2. Genital herpes is the most common infection in HIV patient. HSV-2 can increase the risk of HIV acquisition 2 to 3 times. Clinical manifestations of genital herpes can be different between HIV- infected and non-HIV patients. HIV-infected patients have a high risk of developing chronic and severe genital ulcers with atypical manifestation, prolonged healing, and resistant to treatment, depends on CD4 count. Genital herpes can be diagnosed based on history, clinical manifestation, laboratory and histopathologic examination. Management of genital herpes includes education and counseling patients and sexual partners, systemic antiviral, and symptomatic treatment.

scholarly journals Early Adopters of Event-driven Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in a Large Healthcare System in San Francisco

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2710-2712 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Carlo Hojilla ◽  
Julia L Marcus ◽  
Michael J Silverberg ◽  
C Bradley Hare ◽  
Rachel Herbers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Early Adopters ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Event Driven ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Among 279 patients within a large healthcare system in San Francisco, event-driven HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis using a 2–1–1 regimen was a desirable alternative to daily dosing. Problems with adherence, planning sex in advance, or side effects were infrequent (13.9%). We found no new HIV infections over 136 person-years of follow-up.

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