Correlation between Presence of Viable Bacteria and Presence of Endotoxin in Middle-Ear Effusions

The presence of endotoxin (detected by the Limulusamebocyte lysate assay) was compared to the presence of viableHaemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis (detected by PCR) in 106 middle-ear effusions from pediatric patients with chronic otitis media. Endotoxin was found in 81 of the 106 specimens. Of these 81 specimens, 66 (81.5%) also tested positive for one or both of the gram-negative bacteria H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. The data suggest that viable gram-negative bacteria, detectable by PCR but often undetectable by culture, may be the source of endotoxin in middle-ear effusions.

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Bacterial diversity of chronic middle ear lesions revealed by high-throughput sequencing

10.1101/2021.02.10.430714 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xingzhi Gu ◽

Xiuqing Cheng ◽

Tuoheti Abulajiang ◽

Xiaoban Huang

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Chronic Otitis Media ◽

16S Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Epithelial Tissue ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Middle Ear Cholesteatoma

AbstractChronic otitis media is a common middle ear disease in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery. Bacterial infection is considered the main cause of disease, but relying on conventional bacterial cultures can be problematic for identification of specific pathogens. Current research suggests that bacteria in microbial communities can only be identified by rDNA sequencing of bacteria.This prospective study utilized broad-range PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes with clone analysis to compare bacterial diversity in lesions from 6 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and 10 patients with cholesteatoma of middle ear lesions. Bacteria were analyzed at the phylum, order, family, genus, and species levels. Bacterial species abundance and species diversity were greater in cholesteatoma of the middle ear lesions than in CSOM lesions. At all bacterial taxonomic levels, the epithelial tissue of middle ear cholesteatoma was complex in terms of bacterial diversity, covering a large number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, likely related to bacterial microbiome formation. In contrast, bacteriology of the CSOM lesions was relatively simple at all taxonomic levels, with all sequences characterized as belonging to Gram-negative bacteria. These results suggest that persistent infection of middle ear cholesteatoma may be a microbial flora disorder, which is related to conditional pathogenic bacteria, rather than a single bacterial infectious disease. Findings from the study may have implications in the selection of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of chronic otitis media.

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Genetic similarity between adenoid tissue and middle ear fluid isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from Iranian children with otitis media with effusion

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology ◽

10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.08.024 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 77 (11) ◽

pp. 1841-1845 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mohammad Emaneini ◽

Farzaneh Gharibpour ◽

Seyed Sajjad Khoramrooz ◽

Akbar Mirsalehian ◽

Fereshteh Jabalameli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽

Genetic Similarity ◽

Otitis Media With Effusion ◽

Adenoid Tissue ◽

Middle Ear Fluid ◽

Iranian Children

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Bacteriology of chronic otitis media with effusion

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215100108989 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 103 (4) ◽

pp. 369-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

C. Diamond ◽

P. R. Sisson ◽

A. M. Kearns ◽

H. R. Ingham

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Otitis Media With Effusion ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Chronic Otitis Media

AbstractSamples of middle ear effusions from 102 children with serous and mucoid otitis media were cultured for mycoplasmas and bacteria. No sample yielded mycoplasmas but bacteria were cultured from 48 (47 per cent). Organisms commonly regarded as pathogens were present in 25 samples (Haemophilus influenzae 17, Streptococcus pneumoniae four, other streptococci four). The only sample from which anaerobic bacteria were isolated was from a patient with cholesteatoma.

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In VitroActivity of Delafloxacin Tested against Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00941-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (10) ◽

pp. 6381-6385 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Robert K. Flamm ◽

Paul R. Rhomberg ◽

Michael D. Huband ◽

David J. Farrell

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽

The United States ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACTDelafloxacin, an investigational anionic fluoroquinolone, is active against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, 200Streptococcus pneumoniae(plus 30 levofloxacin-resistant isolates), 200Haemophilus influenzae, and 100Moraxella catarrhalisisolates selected primarily from the United States (2014) were tested against delafloxacin and comparator agents. Delafloxacin was the most potent agent tested. MIC50and MIC90values against allS. pneumoniaeisolates were 0.008 and 0.015 μg/ml. Delafloxacin susceptibility was not affected by β-lactamase status againstH. influenzaeandM. catarrhalis.

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Relationship of the Middle Ear Effusion Microbiome to Secretory Mucin Production in Pediatric Patients With Chronic Otitis Media

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal ◽

10.1097/inf.0000000000001493 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (7) ◽

pp. 635-640 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Anna Krueger ◽

Stéphanie Val ◽

Marcos Pérez-Losada ◽

Karuna Panchapakesan ◽

Joe Devaney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Chronic Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear Effusion ◽

Mucin Production ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Ear Effusion

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Accumulation of Regulatory T Cells and Chronic Inflammation in the Middle Ear in a Mouse Model of Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion Induced by Combined Eustachian Tube Blockage and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Infection

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.01128-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 356-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Takashi Hirano ◽

Satoru Kodama ◽

Toshiaki Kawano ◽

Masashi Suzuki

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Regulatory T Cells ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Chronic Inflammation ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Eustachian Tube ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Murine Model ◽

Chronic Otitis Media ◽

Culture Positive

NontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) is associated with chronic otitis media (COM). In this study, we generated a murine model of COM by using eustachian tube (ET) obstruction and NTHi (107CFU) inoculation into the tympanic bulla, and we investigated the relationship between regulatory T cells (Treg) and chronic inflammation in the middle ear. Middle ear effusions (MEEs) and middle ear mucosae (MEM) were collected at days 3 and 14 and at 1 and 2 months after inoculation. Untreated mice served as controls. MEEs were used for bacterial counts and to measure the concentrations of cytokines. MEM were collected for histological evaluation and flow cytometric analysis. Inflammation of the MEM was prolonged throughout this study, and the incidence of NTHi culture-positive MEE was 38% at 2 months after inoculation. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-10, and transforming growth factor β were increased in the middle ear for up to 2 months after inoculation. CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg accumulated in the middle ear, and the percentage of Treg in the MEM increased for up to 2 months after inoculation. Treg depletion induced a 99.9% reduction of bacterial counts in MEEs and also significantly reduced the ratio of NTHi culture-positive MEE. The levels of these cytokines were also reduced in MEEs. In summary, we developed a murine model of COM, and our findings indicate that Treg confer infectious tolerance to NTHi in the middle ear.

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Modified Lipooligosaccharide Structure Protects Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae from IgM-Mediated Complement Killing in Experimental Otitis Media

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.00079-12 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Jeroen D. Langereis ◽

Kim Stol ◽

Elke K. Schweda ◽

Brigitte Twelkmeyer ◽

Hester J. Bootsma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mouse Model ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Influenza A ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Content Type ◽

Complement Resistance

ABSTRACTNontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) is a Gram-negative, human-restricted pathogen. Although this bacterium typically colonizes the nasopharynx in the absence of clinical symptoms, it is also one of the major pathogens causing otitis media (OM) in children. Complement represents an important aspect of the host defense against NTHi. In general, NTHi is efficiently killed by complement-mediated killing; however, various resistance mechanisms have also evolved. We measured the complement resistance of NTHi isolates isolated from the nasopharynx and the middle ear fluids of OM patients. Furthermore, we determined the molecular mechanism of NTHi complement resistance. Complement resistance was strongly increased in isolates from the middle ear, which correlated with decreased binding of IgM. We identified a crucial role for the R2866_0112 gene in complement resistance. Deletion of this gene altered the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) composition of the bacterium, which increased IgM binding and complement-mediated lysis. In a novel mouse model of coinfection with influenza virus, we demonstrate decreased virulence for the R2866_0112 deletion mutant. These findings identify a mechanism by which NTHi modifies its LOS structure to prevent recognition by IgM and activation of complement. Importantly, this mechanism plays a crucial role in the ability of NTHi to cause OM.IMPORTANCENontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) colonizes the nasopharynx of especially young children without any obvious symptoms. However, NTHi is also a major pathogen in otitis media (OM), one of the most common childhood infections. Although this pathogen is often associated with OM, the mechanism by which this bacterium is able to cause OM is largely unknown. Our study addresses a key biological question that is highly relevant for child health: what is the molecular mechanism that enables NTHi to cause OM? We show that isolates collected from the middle ear fluid exhibit increased complement resistance and that the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) structure determines IgM binding and complement activation. Modification of the LOS structure decreased NTHi virulence in a novel NTHi-influenza A virus coinfection OM mouse model. Our findings may also have important implications for other Gram-negative pathogens harboring LOS, such asNeisseria meningitidis,Moraxella catarrhalis, andBordetella pertussis.

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Activity of Faropenem against Middle Ear Fluid Pathogens from Children with Acute Otitis Media in Costa Rica and Israel

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00049-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 2230-2235 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kimberley Clawson Stone ◽

Ron Dagan ◽

Adriano Arguedas ◽

Eugene Leibovitz ◽

Elaine Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Costa Rica ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽

Acute Otitis Media ◽

The Other ◽

Middle Ear Fluid

ABSTRACT Faropenem was tested against 1,188 middle ear fluid pathogens from children in Israel and Costa Rica. Against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, faropenem was the most active β-lactam, with activity that was similar to or greater than of the other oral antimicrobial classes studied. Faropenem was also active against Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes.

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Comparison of the Aditus ad Antrum Diameter on CT between Patients with Chronic Otitis Media and Healthy Individuals

Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573405615666190327110216 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 990-993 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elif Gündoğdu ◽

Uğur Toprak

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Normal Values ◽

Chronic Otitis Media ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Inner Diameter ◽

Male Patients ◽

The Right

Background: The middle ear cavity is ventilated through the aditus ad antrum. Aditus blockage contributes to the pathology of otitis media. Objective: To determine the normal values of the aditus ad antrum diameter on computed tomography and to investigate its relationship with chronic otitis media and related pathologies (tympanosclerosis and myringosclerosis). Methods: The temporal CT images of 162 individuals were evaluated retrospectively. In the axial sections, the inner diameter of the aditus was measured at the narrowest point at the cortex. The differences in diameter were compared between diseased and healthy ears. Results: In healthy individuals, the diameter was narrower in women. There was no difference between the right and left ears in healthy subjects. No correlation was found between age and diameter. In male patients with myringosclerosis, the diameter was slightly narrower on both sides but more marked on the left. In female patients with myringosclerosis, the diameter in both ears was slightly narrower. In cases of otitis media and tympanosclerosis, the diameter was less than that of healthy individuals, despite the lack of statistically significant result in all cases. Conclusion: The aditus ad antrum was narrower in diseased ears, indicating that a blocked aditus may contribute to the development of otitis media, as well as mucosal diseases.

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