Latex agglutination in the diagnosis of pneumococcal infection

A latex agglutination (LA) method for detection of pneumococcal antigens was evaluated and compared with counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). LA was 2 to 10 times more sensitive than CIE for the detection of purified capsular polysaccharides in defined media, but only when a 1+ or 2+ agglutination reaction was interpreted as positive. LA was much less sensitive than CIE with clinical samples. In 50 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia, antigen was detected in the serum almost twice as often with CIE (40%) as with LA (22%). LA was positive in six cases of pneumonia where CIE was negative; however, in three of these cases, antigen was detected only in undiluted sera, which raised some question about the specificity of the result. With 18 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 11 patients with pneumococcal meningitis, the CIE test was positive more frequenlty (14 samples) than was LA (11 samples). Moreover, antigen was detected in CSF by LA in only one additional patient than was positive by CIE alone. There was one false-positive LA reaction among 45 samples of CSF from patients without pneumococcal infection. Although LA is a less complicated method than CIE, it is not a sensitive test for pneumococcal antigens and would be of little value as a routine diagnostic method.

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LATEX AGGLUTINATION REACTION IN NON-RHEUMATIC DISEASES

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(60)92346-1 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 275 (7138) ◽

pp. 1352-1353 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Cohen ◽

K. Shimaoka ◽

P. Hermes

Keyword(s):

Rheumatic Diseases ◽

Latex Agglutination ◽

Agglutination Reaction

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When to use the new pneumococcal vaccine

Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin ◽

10.1136/dtb.28.8.31 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 28 (8) ◽

pp. 31-32

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Disease ◽

Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽

Pneumococcal Infection ◽

The Elderly ◽

The United States ◽

Cell Disease ◽

Large Groups ◽

Special Risk

Pneumococcal pneumonia probably affects about one in every thousand adults each year. Like other serious pneumococcal infection, it is more common and severe in the elderly, in those without a functional spleen (including patients with sickle-cell disease,1) and in patients with a variety of chronic diseases. In the United States a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine was introduced in 1983, replacing a 14-valent vaccine; it is now recommended there for large groups of people.2 This newer 23-valent vaccine (Pneumovax-II - MSD) was licensed in Britain last May. Its use should be considered for those at special risk of pneumococcal disease.3–5

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Assignment of Weight-Based Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 Units in Antipneumococcal Reference Serum Lot 89-S(F) for Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 9V, and 18C

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology ◽

10.1128/cdli.12.1.218-223.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 218-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniel J. Sikkema ◽

Nancy A. Ziembiec ◽

Thomas R. Jones ◽

Stephen W. Hildreth ◽

Dace V. Madore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Disease ◽

Pneumococcal Infection ◽

Capsular Polysaccharides ◽

Standardization Method ◽

Igg2 Antibody ◽

Reference Serum

ABSTRACT Weight-based assignments for immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 subclass antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides (PnPs) in antipneumococcal standard reference serum lot 89-S (lot 89-S), also known as lot 89-SF, have been determined for serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 9V, and 18C. This extends the usefulness of lot 89-S beyond the IgG1 and IgG2 subclass assignments for serotypes 3, 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F made previously (A. Soininen, H. Kayhty, I. Seppala, and T. Wuorimaa, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 5:561-566, 1998) to cover 11 major serotypes associated with the highest percentage of pneumococcal disease worldwide. A method of equivalence of absorbances in enzyme immunosorbent assays was used to determine the IgG1 and IgG2 antibody concentrations for the additional serotypes in lot 89-S, based on the subclass values previously assigned for PnPs serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F. This cross-standardization method assures consistency with previous antibody assignments in that reference serum. The newly assigned subclass values for serotype 9V, and previously assigned values for serotype 14, were used to quantitate PnPs antibodies in sera from adult and pediatric subjects immunized with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. There was a predominance of IgG1 anti-PnPs antibodies in pediatric sera and IgG2 anti-PnPs antibodies in the adult sera. The IgG1 and IgG2 subclass assignments for the 11 PnPs serotypes in antipneumococcal standard reference serum lot 89-S are useful for quantitating and characterizing immune responses to pneumococcal infection and vaccination regimens.

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Detection of LytA Genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolated from sputum pneumonia patients

Biomedika ◽

10.31001/biomedika.v13i1.718 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 23-30

Author(s):

Mustika Sari Hutabarat ◽

Firdaus Hamid ◽

Irawaty Djaharuddin ◽

Alfian Zainuddin ◽

Rossana Agus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

False Negative ◽

Pneumococcal Infection ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Molecular Diagnostic ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Negative Results ◽

False Negative Results ◽

Polymerase Chain

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacterium that is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. But the lack of reporting of disease by this bacterium in Indonesia, one of the causes is because the diagnosis of pneumococcal infection is often clinically not typical and conventional methods which are still the standard gold method often give false-negative results. So the purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of culture and molecular diagnostic methods using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique in detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae in sputum clinical samples using the Autolysin (LytA) gene which is a virulence factor of this bacterium. 57 isolates from 60 samples were confirmed as Streptococcus sp through microscopic identification, culture, and biochemical tests. Then the sensitivity test with an optochin test of 9 (9%) compared the results descriptively with the PCR technique using the Autolysin A (LytA) gene which was obtained more sensitive by 15 (25%).

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Monovalent latex agglutination reagents for the diagnosis of nonmeningitic pneumococcal infection

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease ◽

10.1016/0732-8893(95)00255-3 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lee H. Harrison ◽

Mark C. Steinhoff ◽

G. Sridharan ◽

Adauto Castelo ◽

Nagwa Khallaf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pneumococcal Infection ◽

Latex Agglutination

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Commercial Latex Agglutination Kits for the Detection of Food borne Salmonella

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-54.9.725 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 54 (9) ◽

pp. 725-730 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

J.-Y. D'AOUST ◽

A. M. SEWELL ◽

P. GRECO

Keyword(s):

Food Samples ◽

Latex Agglutination ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Concurrent Use ◽

Food Borne ◽

Analytical Test ◽

Contaminated Food ◽

Pure Cultures ◽

Vi Antigen

The ability of the Bactigen® Salmonella Shigella (BSST), the Microscreen® (MS), and the Spectate® (SPECT) latex agglutination kits to detect Salmonella in pure cultures and in naturally contaminated foods was examined. Of 190 Salmonella strains tested, the MS, BSST, and SPECT systems correctly identified 89.5, 81.6, and 66.3% of the test cultures, respectively. The sensitivity of SPECT increased to 92.7% when only strains belonging to the targeted serogroups (somatic A to E plus G) and strains harboring the Vi antigen were considered. The lack of specificity of the MS (3.4%), SPECT (17.0%), and BSST (33.9%) systems with 59 cultures of nonsalmonellae varied widely, with Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli accounting for many of the false-positive reactions. Examination of foods according to the prescribed MS and SPECT analytical test protocols identified respectively, 18 (75%) and 19 (79.2%) of the 24 food samples found to contain Salmonella spp. by a standard cultural method. Although instructions with the BSST kit indicate that the product is intended for the analysis of clinical samples, the system nevertheless identified 21 (87.5%) contaminated food samples under homologous MS and SPECT test conditions. The concurrent use of TBG43 with enrichment media recommended by kit manufactures enhanced the sensitivities of MS (83.3%), SPECT (91.7%), and BSST (91.7%). Attempts to effect greater method brevity through the application of latex kits at various stages of the standard cultural procedure were counterproductive.

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Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Epidemiological Studies: Evaluation in Kenyan Adults of a Serotype‐Specific Urine Latex Agglutination Assay

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1086/515198 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 764-769 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. A. G. Scott ◽

A. Hannington ◽

K. Marsh ◽

A. J. Hall

Keyword(s):

Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Latex Agglutination ◽

Agglutination Assay ◽

Latex Agglutination Assay

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Prevotella intermedia Induces Severe Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Mice with Upregulated Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Expression

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00943-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 82 (2) ◽

pp. 587-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Kentaro Nagaoka ◽

Katsunori Yanagihara ◽

Yoshitomo Morinaga ◽

Shigeki Nakamura ◽

Tatsuhiko Harada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽

Pneumococcal Infection ◽

Platelet Activating Factor ◽

A549 Cells ◽

Receptor Expression ◽

Prevotella Intermedia ◽

Transcript Levels ◽

Content Type ◽

Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽

Platelet Activating Factor Receptor

ABSTRACTStreptococcus pneumoniaeis the leading cause of respiratory infection worldwide. Although oral hygiene has been considered a risk factor for developing pneumonia, the relationship between oral bacteria and pneumococcal infection is unknown. In this study, we examined the synergic effects ofPrevotella intermedia, a major periodontopathic bacterium, on pneumococcal pneumonia. The synergic effects of the supernatant ofP. intermedia(PiSup) on pneumococcal pneumonia were investigated in mice, and the stimulation of pneumococcal adhesion to human alveolar (A549) cells by PiSup was assessed. The effects of PiSup on platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) transcript levelsin vitroandin vivowere analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR, and the differences between the effects of pneumococcal infection induced by various periodontopathic bacterial species were verified in mice. Mice inoculated withS. pneumoniaeplus PiSup exhibited a significantly lower survival rate, higher bacterial loads in the lungs, spleen, and blood, and higher inflammatory cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) than those infected without PiSup. In A549 cells, PiSup increased pneumococcal adhesion and PAFR transcript levels. PiSup also increased lung PAFR transcript levels in mice. Similar effects were not observed in the supernatants ofPorphyromonas gingivalisorFusobacterium nucleatum. Thus,P. intermediahas the potential to induce severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia with enhanced pneumococcal adhesion to lower airway cells.

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IMPROVEMENT OF BACTERIAL RHINOSINUSITIS DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics ◽

10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-8-496-500 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (8) ◽

pp. 496-500

Author(s):

V. A. Shmylenko ◽

A. P. Bondarenko ◽

O. E. Trotsenko

Keyword(s):

Unique Feature ◽

Pneumococcal Infection ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Diagnostic Procedures ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Test Sensitivity ◽

Diagnostic Capability ◽

Bacteriological Method ◽

Pneumococcal Antigen

The research included evaluation of express-diagnosis capability of immunochromatographic assay (ICA) Binax NOW (Alere, Inc., USA) for diagnosis of the rhinosinusitis caused by to detect the Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen directly in clinical samples. The unique feature of the method included obtaining samples with an electric suction machine in order to evaluate aspirate from deep parts of the nasal cavity. Diagnostic capability of the Binax NOW was determined in a comparative study using classical bacteriological method in 100 clinical samples. Pneumococcus was isolated in 16 patients (16±3,7%) via bacteriological method. ICA utilization allowed to reveal pneumococcal antigen in 20 cases (20±4,0%). ICA test sensitivity equaled 87,5%, specificity - 92,9%. Obtained results allow us to recommend ICA for identification of pneumococcal infection in patients with sinusitis for practicing physicians. The advantages of the evaluated method were fast results (for up to 15 min) and possibility of non-invasive sampling technique of clinical specimens.

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