scholarly journals The Role of Phosphorus Limitation in Shaping Soil Bacterial Communities and Their Metabolic Capabilities

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Oliverio ◽  
Andrew Bissett ◽  
Krista McGuire ◽  
Kristin Saltonstall ◽  
Benjamin L. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
Extractable Soil

ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient that is often in limited supply, with P availability constraining biomass production in many terrestrial ecosystems. Despite decades of work on plant responses to P deficiency and the importance of soil microbes to terrestrial ecosystem processes, how soil microbes respond to, and cope with, P deficiencies remains poorly understood. We studied 583 soils from two independent sample sets that each span broad natural gradients in extractable soil P and collectively represent diverse biomes, including tropical forests, temperate grasslands, and arid shrublands. We paired marker gene and shotgun metagenomic analyses to determine how soil bacterial and archaeal communities respond to differences in soil P availability and to detect corresponding shifts in functional attributes. We identified microbial taxa that are consistently responsive to extractable soil P, with those taxa found in low P soils being more likely to have traits typical of oligotrophic life history strategies. Using environmental niche modeling of genes and gene pathways, we found an enriched abundance of key genes in low P soils linked to the carbon-phosphorus (C-P) lyase and phosphonotase degradation pathways, along with key components of the high-affinity phosphate-specific transporter (Pst) and phosphate regulon (Pho) systems. Taken together, these analyses suggest that catabolism of phosphonates is an important strategy used by bacteria to scavenge phosphate in P-limited soils. Surprisingly, these same pathways are important for bacterial growth in P-limited marine waters, highlighting the shared metabolic strategies used by both terrestrial and marine microbes to cope with P limitation.

Plant mechanisms to optimise access to soil phosphorus

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan E. Richardson ◽  
Peter J. Hocking ◽  
Richard J. Simpson ◽  
Timothy S. George
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Total P

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient required for plant growth and its management in soil is critical to ensure sustainable and profitable agriculture that has minimal impact on the environment. Although soils may contain a large amount of total P, only a small proportion is immediately available to plants. Australian soils often have low availability of P for plant growth and P-based fertilisers are, therefore, commonly used to correct P deficiency and to maintain productivity. For many soils, the sustained use of P fertiliser has resulted in an accumulation of total P, a proportion of which is in forms that are poorly available to most plants. The efficiency with which different P fertilisers are used in agricultural systems depends on their capacity to supply P in a soluble form that is available for plant uptake (i.e. as orthophosphate anions). In addition to fertiliser source, the availability of P in soil is influenced to a large extent by physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil. Plant access to soil P is further affected by root characteristics (e.g. rate of growth, specific root length, and density and length of root hairs) and biochemical processes that occur at the soil–root interface. The ability of roots to effectively explore soil, the release of exudates (e.g. organic anions and phosphatases) from roots that influence soil P availability, and the association of roots with soil microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi are particularly important. These processes occur as a natural response of plants to P deficiency and, through better understanding, may provide opportunities for improving plant access to soil and fertiliser P in conventional and organic agricultural systems.

scholarly journals The effects of soil phosphorus and zinc availability on plant responses to mycorrhizal fungi: a physiological and molecular assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Diem Nguyen ◽  
Timothy R. Cavagnaro ◽  
Stephanie J. Watts-Williams
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
P Availability ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonisation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
Soil Zn

Abstract The positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been demonstrated for plant biomass, and zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) uptake, under soil nutrient deficiency. Additionally, a number of Zn and P transporter genes are affected by mycorrhizal colonisation or implicated in the mycorrhizal pathway of uptake. However, a comprehensive study of plant physiology and gene expression simultaneously, remains to be undertaken. Medicago truncatula was grown at different soil P and Zn availabilities, with or without inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis. Measures of biomass, shoot elemental concentrations, mycorrhizal colonisation, and expression of Zn transporter (ZIP) and phosphate transporter (PT) genes in the roots, were taken. Mycorrhizal plants had a greater tolerance of both P and Zn soil deficiency; there was also evidence of AMF protecting plants against excessive Zn accumulation at high soil Zn. The expression of all PT genes was interactive with both P availability and mycorrhizal colonisation. MtZIP5 expression was induced both by AMF and soil Zn deficiency, while MtZIP2 was down-regulated in mycorrhizal plants, and up-regulated with increasing soil Zn concentration. These findings provide the first comprehensive physiological and molecular picture of plant-mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis with regard to soil P and Zn availability. Mycorrhizal fungi conferred tolerance to soil Zn and P deficiency and this could be linked to the induction of the ZIP transporter gene MtZIP5, and the PT gene MtPT4.

scholarly journals Soil and Plant Responses to Phosphorus Inputs from Different Phytase-Associated Animal Diets

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Dario Fornara ◽  
Elizabeth M. E. Ball ◽  
Christina Mulvenna ◽  
Henry Reyer ◽  
Michael Oster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Amendment ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
P Content

The over-supplementation of animal feeds with phosphorus (P) within livestock-production systems leads to high rates of P excretion and thus to high P loads and losses, which negatively impact the natural environment. The addition of phytase to pig and poultry diets can contribute to reducing P excretion; however, cascading effects of phytase on plant–soil systems remain poorly understood. Here, we addressed how three different diets containing various levels of exogenous phytase, i.e., (1) no-phytase, (2) phytase (250 FTU), and (3) superdose phytase (500 FTU) for pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus) might affect P dynamics in two different plant–soil systems including comfrey (Symphytum ×uplandicum) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne). We found that differences in phytase supplementation significantly influenced total P content (%) of broiler litter and also pig slurry (although not significantly) as a result of dietary P content. P Use Efficiency (PUE) of comfrey and ryegrass plants was significantly higher under the intermediate ‘phytase’ dose (i.e., commercial dose of 250 FTU) when compared to ‘no-phytase’ and ‘superdose phytase’ associated with pig slurry additions. Soil P availability (i.e., water soluble P, WSP) in both comfrey and ryegrass mesocosms significantly decreased under the intermediate ‘phytase’ treatment following pig slurry additions. Dietary P content effects on P losses from soils (i.e., P leaching) were variable and driven by the type of organic amendment. Our study shows how commercial phytase levels together with higher dietary P contents in pig diets contributed to increase PUE and decrease WSP thus making the plant–soil system more P conservative (i.e., lower risks of P losses). Our evidence is that dietary effects on plant–soil P dynamics are driven by the availability of P forms (for plant uptake) in animal excretes and the type of organic amendment (pig vs. broiler) rather than plant species identity (comfrey vs. ryegrass).

scholarly journals PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY IMPAIRS SHOOT REGROWTH OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
FERNANDO C. BACHIEGA ZAMBROSI ◽  
RAFAEL VASCONCELOS RIBEIRO ◽  
EDUARDO CARUSO MACHADO ◽  
JÚLIO CÉSAR GARCIA
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
P Availability ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
P Supply

SUMMARYThe shoot regrowth vigour of sugarcane varieties having contrasting phosphorus (P) efficiency was evaluated under varying soil P availability. The P-inefficient (IAC91–1099 and IACSP94–2101) and -efficient (IACSP94–2094 and IACSP95–5000) sugarcane varieties were grown under low (25 mg P kg−1 soil) or high (400 mg P kg−1 soil) P supply at planting. After 90 days (first cycle of growth), the shoots were harvested and regrowth was studied 70–75 days later by evaluating photosynthesis, leaf area formation, biomass production and P uptake. The shoot dry matter (DM) of sugarcane regrowth subjected to a low P supply was genotype-dependent, with the P-efficient varieties exhibiting greater values than the inefficient ones. This result was explained by the greater efficiency of IACSP94–2094 and IACSP95–5000 in acquiring P rather than P utilization efficiency for shoot biomass production. The root P stored during the first cycle of growth would represent only a minor fraction (< 20%) of the total P content in the shoots at the end of the regrowth period. Thus, we argue that the improved shoot P uptake of the P-efficient varieties was related to their ability to sustain P acquisition after harvesting rather than to the remobilization of root P reserves. Moreover, our data revealed that net CO2 assimilation per leaf area was not associated with differential performance among varieties under P deficiency, suggesting a more critical role of total leaf area in photosynthate supply for sugarcane regrowth. In conclusion, sugarcane regrowth is improved in P-efficient varieties under P deficiency conditions, a finding of practical relevance as such ability might benefit the productivity and the longevity of sugarcane ratoons in low P tropical soils.

Leaf flammability and fuel load increase under elevated CO2 levels in a model grassland

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Manea ◽  
Saskia Grootemaat ◽  
Michelle R. Leishman
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Availability ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Co2 Levels ◽  
Grassland Fire

Fire is a common process that shapes the structure of grasslands globally. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration may have a profound influence on grassland fire regimes. In this study, we asked (1) does CO2 and soil P availability alter leaf flammability (ignitibility and fire sustainability); (2) are leaf tissue chemistry traits drivers of leaf flammability, and are they modified by CO2 and soil P availability?; (3) does CO2 and soil P availability alter fuel load accumulation in grasslands; and (4) does CO2 and soil P availability alter the resprouting ability of grassland species? We found that leaf flammability increased under elevated CO2 levels owing to decreased leaf moisture content and foliar N, whereas fuel load accumulation increased owing to decreased foliar N (slower decomposition rates) and increased aboveground biomass production. These plant responses to elevated CO2 levels were not modified by soil P availability. The increase in leaf flammability and fuel load accumulation under elevated CO2 levels may alter grassland fire regimes by facilitating fire ignition as well as shorter fire intervals. However, the increased root biomass of grasses under elevated CO2 levels may enhance their resprouting capacity relative to woody plants, resulting in a shift in the vegetation structure of grasslands.

scholarly journals Diffusive gradients in thin films predicts crop response better than calcium-acetate-lactate extraction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Hill ◽  
Jakob Santner ◽  
Heide Spiegel ◽  
Markus Puschenreiter ◽  
Walter W. Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Calcium Acetate ◽  
P Availability ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Eastern Austria ◽  
Diffusive Gradients ◽  
Better Than

AbstractSoil P testing has been widely used to predict crop yields, P uptake, and fertilizer demands in agriculture. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) provides a zero-sink soil P test which mimics diffusion-controlled plant uptake and has previously been found to predict P availability to crops better than conventional quantity-based P tests in highly weathered Australian, though not in European soils. Here we tested the performance of DGT and the Austrian and German standard P quantity test calcium acetate lactate (CAL) to explain the variation of crop yield and P uptake response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in long-term P fertilization experiments at four different sites in eastern Austria. Phosphorus extracted with DGT (P-DGT) and CAL (P-CAL) correlated well in similar soils but not across sites with large variation in soil and site properties such as carbonate equivalent and water availability. The predictive power of DGT for barley (R2 = 0.42) and wheat grain yield (R2 = 0.32), and P uptake in wheat grains (R2 = 0.36) was clearly superior to that of the CAL, and less dependent on soil properties. The better performance of DGT compared to the quantity test is consistent with diffusion-limited P uptake in the water-limited cultivated soils of eastern Austria. The critical values of P deficiency derived from the Mitscherlich-type fits for barley and wheat at 80% relative yield are 64.9 and 26.2 µg L−1, respectively, consistent with differential P demands of the crops.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Soil Phosphorus Bioavailability by Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Earthworms Through Regulating Soil Bacterial Community and Plant Nutrient Balance Under Salt Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenwen Zhang ◽  
Chong Wang ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Zhongnan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Availability ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
Soil Phosphatase ◽  
P Bioavailability

Abstract Aims Soil salinization is an important factor limiting plant phosphorus (P) uptake and crop production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and earthworms in enhancing soil P bioavailability by regulating soil salt ions and altering the soil bacterial community under salt stress. Methods Treatments with or without earthworms and with or without AMFs in a high-salinity soil were applied. Results The results showed that the maize biomass and plant P, Ca and Mg contents were significantly increased by earthworms and AMF inoculation, and the highest plant P, Ca and Mg contents were observed with earthworm application alone. Earthworms and AMFs significantly decreased the soil stable inorganic P (hydroxyapatite) proportion and increased the soil available dicalcium phosphate proportion. AMFs significantly increased soil phosphatase activity and inorganic P fraction contents. Earthworms and AMFs significantly increased soil bacterial Chao1 and phylogenetic diversity. Structural equation model analysis showed that the most important driver of soil P mineralization was soil bacterial diversity, followed by soil Ca2+ and total salt concentration. Network analysis suggested that the response of bacteria to soil Ca2+ but not salt concentration positively correlated with soil P availability. Earthworms and AMFs could stimulate certain bacteria harbouring the phoX alkaline phosphatase gene to increase soil phosphatase activity and soil P availability. Conclusions In conclusion, earthworms and AMFs could enhance soil P bioavailability by stimulating soil P-cycling bacteria to activate soil stable inorganic P and by improving the plant cation nutrient balance under salt stress.

scholarly journals Utilization of soil residual phosphorus and internal reuse of phosphorus by crops

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11704
Author(s):  
Mei Yang ◽  
Huimin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Residual P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing ◽  
Leaf P

Phosphorus (P) participates in various assimilatory and metabolic processes in plants. Agricultural systems are facing P deficiency in many areas worldwide, while global P demand is increasing. Pioneering efforts have made us better understand the more complete use of residual P in soils and the link connecting plant P resorption to soil P deficiency, which will help to address the challenging issue of P deficiency. We summarized the state of soil “residual P” and the mechanisms of utilizing this P pool, the possible effects of planting and tillage patterns, various fertilization management practices and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms on the release of soil residual P and the link connecting leaf P resorption to soil P deficiency and the regulatory mechanisms of leaf P resorption. The utilization of soil residual P represents a great challenge and a good chance to manage P well in agricultural systems. In production practices, the combination of “optimal fertilization and agronomic measures” can be adopted to utilize residual P in soils. Some agricultural practices, such as reduced or no tillage, crop rotation, stubble retention and utilization of biofertilizers-phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms should greatly improve the conversion of various P forms in the soil due to changes in the balance of individual nutrients in the soil or due to improvements in the phosphatase profile and activity in the soil. Leaf P resorption makes the plant less dependent on soil P availability, which can promote the use efficiency of plant P and enhance the adaptability to P-deficient environments. This idea provides new options for helping to ameliorate the global P dilemma.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE CARBON BALANCE OF MYCORRHIZAL AND NONMYCORRHIZAL PEPPER PLANT

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 438c-438
Author(s):  
Fred T. Davies ◽  
Randal S. Stahl ◽  
Sharon A. Duray
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Maintenance Respiration ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Time Dynamics

Symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi increase the P uptake of agronomic, horticultural, and forestry crops. Little is known about the real-time dynamics of carbon balance (net gain of biomass resulting from photosynthesis less the respiratory costs) of plants colonized with mycorrhizae. Our objective was to determine the carbon balance of endomycorrhizal (VAM) chile pepper `San Luis' (Capsicum annuum L.) as a model system for predicting plant response to limited P availability under elevated CO2. The increase in atmospheric CO2 is expected to result in increased plant productivity and greater demand for soil P, however, the lack of available soil P may become the most important nutritional problem limiting crop productivity. Under current conditions, the limitation of soil-P availability is an enormous problem that affects 25% of the world's arable lands. We are quantifying the carbon costs paid by the mycorrhizal plant under varying levels of P deficiency over the life cycle of the plant. Preliminary results from this study under ambient CO2 conditions indicate that there is a lower maintenance respiration and higher growth efficiency with mycorrhizal pepper plants under low soil-P conditions.

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