VIRAL INTERFERENCE. SOME CONSIDERATIONS OF BASIC MECHANISMS AND THEIR POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIP TO HOST RESISTANCE1

: Viral interference, originally, referred to a state of temporary immunity, is a state whereby infection with a virus limits replication or production of a second infecting virus. However, replication of a second virus could also be dominant over the first virus. In fact, dominance can alternate between the two viruses. Expression of type I interferon genes is many times upregulated in infected epithelial cells. Since the interferon system can control most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity, it was proposed that viral induction of a nonspecific localized temporary state of immunity may provide a strategy to control viral infections. Clinical observations also support such a theory, which gave credence to the development of superinfection therapy (SIT). SIT is an innovative therapeutic approach where a non-pathogenic virus is used to infect patients harboring a pathogenic virus. : For the functional cure of persistent viral infections and for the development of broad- spectrum antivirals against emerging viruses a paradigm shift was recently proposed. Instead of the virus, the therapy should be directed at the host. Such a host-directed-therapy (HDT) strategy could be the activation of endogenous innate immune response via toll-like receptors (TLRs). Superinfection therapy is such a host-directed-therapy, which has been validated in patients infected with two completely different viruses, the hepatitis B (DNA), and hepatitis C (RNA) viruses. SIT exerts post-infection interference via the constant presence of an attenuated non-pathogenic avian double- stranded (ds) RNA viral vector which boosts the endogenous innate (IFN) response. SIT could, therefore, be developed into a biological platform for a new “one drug, multiple bugs” broad-spectrum antiviral treatment approach.

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Complex System Governance as a Framework for Asset Management

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158502 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8502

Author(s):

Polinpapilinho F. Katina ◽

James C. Pyne ◽

Charles B. Keating ◽

Dragan Komljenovic

Keyword(s):

Complex System ◽

Performance Improvement ◽

Asset Management ◽

System Performance ◽

Future Research ◽

Complex Organizations ◽

Potential Relationship ◽

Structured Approach

Complex system governance (CSG) is an emerging field encompassing a framework for system performance improvement through the purposeful design, execution, and evolution of essential metasystem functions. The goal of this study was to understand how the domain of asset management (AsM) can leverage the capabilities of CSG. AsM emerged from engineering as a structured approach to organizing complex organizations to realize the value of assets while balancing performance, risks, costs, and other opportunities. However, there remains a scarcity of literature discussing the potential relationship between AsM and CSG. To initiate the closure of this gap, this research reviews the basics of AsM and the methods associated with realizing the value of assets. Then, the basics of CSG are provided along with how CSG might be leveraged to support AsM. We conclude the research with the implications for AsM and suggested future research.

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KI and WU Polyomavirus in Respiratory Samples of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9061259 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1259

Author(s):

Carla Prezioso ◽

Ugo Moens ◽

Giuseppe Oliveto ◽

Gabriele Brazzini ◽

Francesca Piacentini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Threshold Values ◽

Cycle Threshold ◽

Viral Interference ◽

Disease Outcomes ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Wu Polyomavirus ◽

Washington University

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been declared a global pandemic. Our goal was to determine whether co-infections with respiratory polyomaviruses, such as Karolinska Institutet polyomavirus (KIPyV) and Washington University polyomavirus (WUPyV) occur in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Oropharyngeal swabs from 150 individuals, 112 symptomatic COVID-19 patients and 38 healthcare workers not infected by SARS-CoV-2, were collected from March 2020 through May 2020 and tested for KIPyV and WUPyV DNA presence. Of the 112 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, 27 (24.1%) were co-infected with KIPyV, 5 (4.5%) were positive for WUPyV, and 3 (2.7%) were infected simultaneously by KIPyV and WUPyV. Neither KIPyV nor WUPyV DNA was detected in samples of healthcare workers. Significant correlations were found in patients co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and KIPyV (p < 0.05) and between SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values and KIPyV, WUPyV and KIPyV and WUPyV concurrently detected (p < 0.05). These results suggest that KIPyV and WUPyV may behave as opportunistic respiratory pathogens. Additional investigations are needed to understand the epidemiology and the prevalence of respiratory polyomavirus in COVID-19 patients and whether KIPyV and WUPyV could potentially drive viral interference or influence disease outcomes by upregulating SARS-CoV-2 replicative potential.

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Perceiving Music Through the Lens of Synaesthesia and Absolute Pitch

Perception ◽

10.1177/03010066211034439 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 030100662110344

Author(s):

Solange Glasser

Keyword(s):

Music Perception ◽

Research Effort ◽

Absolute Pitch ◽

Potential Relationship ◽

Current Thinking ◽

Music Literature ◽

Behavioural Evidence

Synaesthesia and absolute pitch (AP) are two rare conditions that occur more frequently within populations of artistic professionals. Current thinking surrounding synaesthesia and AP and their relationship to music perception form the focus of this article. Given that synaesthesia has rarely been discussed in the music literature, the article surveys and consolidates general neurobiological, psychological, and behavioural evidence to summarise what is currently known on this topic, in order to link this back to the conditions that most relate to music. In contrast, research on AP is now well established in the music literature, but the important gap of linking AP to other conditions such as synaesthesia has yet to be fully explored. This article investigates the potential relationship between synaesthesia and AP for musicians who possess both conditions by systematically comparing the definitions, classifications, prevalence, diagnoses, and impacts on music perception of synaesthesia and AP and provides insights into the varying states of the literature and knowledge of both conditions. In so doing, this article aims to facilitate a greater understanding of music and auditory forms of synaesthesia and their interaction with AP and encourage increased research effort on this important topic.

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Viral Interference as a Factor of False-Negative in the Infectious Adenovirus Detection Using Integrated Cell Culture-PCR with a BGM Cell Line

Food and Environmental Virology ◽

10.1007/s12560-020-09453-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daisuke Sano ◽

Ryosuke Watanabe ◽

Wakana Oishi ◽

Mohan Amarasiri ◽

Masaaki Kitajima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Cell Line ◽

False Negative ◽

Viral Interference

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COVID-19 Shuts Doors to Flu but Keeps Them Open to Rhinoviruses

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10080733 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 733

Author(s):

Irina Kiseleva ◽

Andrey Ksenafontov

Keyword(s):

Influenza Pandemic ◽

Age Groups ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Interferon Response ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Mild Disease ◽

Viral Interference ◽

The Common

It is well known that rhinoviruses are distributed across the globe and are the most common cause of the common cold in all age groups. Rhinoviruses are widely considered to be harmless because they are generally perceived as respiratory viruses only capable of causing mild disease. However, they may also infect the lower respiratory tract, inducing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exacerbations of asthma, bronchiolitis, etc. The role of rhinoviruses in pathogenesis and the epidemiological process is underestimated, and they need to be intensively studied. In the light of recent data, it is now known that rhinoviruses could be one of the key epidemiological barriers that may influence the spread of influenza and novel coronaviruses. It has been reported that endemic human rhinoviruses delayed the development of the H1N1pdm09 influenza pandemic through viral interference. Moreover, human rhinoviruses have been suggested to block SARS-CoV-2 replication in the airways by triggering an interferon response. In this review, we summarized the main biological characteristics of genetically distinct viruses such as rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and SARS-CoV-2 in an attempt to illuminate their main discrepancies and similarities. We hope that this comparative analysis will help us to better understand in which direction research in this area should move.

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