scholarly journals Novel Reassortant Avian Influenza A(H3N8) Virus Isolated from a Wild Bird in Jiangxi, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiyun Li ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Jianyu Chang ◽  
Bing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Poyang Lake ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
H3n8 Virus

Here, we report the detection of a reassortant avian influenza A(H3N8) virus isolated from a wild bird in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi, China, in 2014. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that this virus is most likely derived from the Eurasian-origin H3Ny and HxN8 viruses and two strains endemic to China, namely, H5N1 and H5N6.

scholarly journals Diversity of avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses in wild birds in southern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. 902-909
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Kai Fan ◽  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Yujuan Xu ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Poyang Lake ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Lake Area

The predominance of H5N6 in ducks and continuous human cases have heightened its potential threat to public health in China. Therefore, the detection of emerging variants of H5N6 avian influenza viruses has become a priority for pandemic preparedness. Questions remain as to its origin and circulation within the wild bird reservoir and interactions at the wild–domestic interface. Samples were collected from migratory birds in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, PR China during the routine bird ring survey in 2014–16. Phylogenetic and coalescent analyses were conducted to uncover the evolutionary relationship among viruses circulating in wild birds. Here, we report the potential origin and phylogenetic diversity of H5N6 viruses isolated from wild birds in Poyang Lake. Sequence analyses indicated that Jiangxi H5N6 viruses most likely evolved from Eurasian-derived H5Nx and H6N6 viruses through multiple reassortment events. Crucially, the diversity of the HA gene implies that these Jiangxi H5N6 viruses have diverged into two primary clades − clade 2.3.4.4 and clade 2.3.2.1 c. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two independent pathways of reassortment during 2014–16 that might have facilitated the generation of emerging variants within wild bird populations as well as inter-species infections. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic diversification of H5N6 viruses in the wild bird population. These results highlight the necessity of large-scale surveillance of wild birds in the Poyang Lake area to address the threat of regional epizootic epidemics and attendant pandemics.

scholarly journals Characterization of Subtype H6 Avian Influenza A Viruses Isolated From Wild Birds in Poyang Lake, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimin Wan ◽  
Qiuqi Kan ◽  
Zhehong Zhao ◽  
Hongxia Shao ◽  
Thomas J. Deliberto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Poyang Lake ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Domestic Poultry ◽  
History Of

Subtype H6 avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) are enzootic and genetically diverse in both domestic poultry and wild waterfowl and may cause spillovers in both pigs and humans. Thus, it is important to understand the genetic diversity of H6 IAVs in birds and their zoonotic potential. Compared with that in domestic poultry, the genetic diversity of H6 viruses in wild birds in China has not been well-understood. In this study, five H6 viruses were isolated from wild birds in Poyang Lake, China, and genetic analyses showed that these isolates are clustered into four genotypes associated with reassortments among avian IAVs from domestic poultry and wild birds in China and those from Eurasia and North America and that these viruses exhibited distinct phenotypes in growth kinetics analyses with avian and mammalian cells lines and in mouse challenge experiments. Of interest is that two H6 isolates from the Eurasian teal replicated effectively in the mouse lung without prior adaptation, whereas the other three did not. Our study suggested that there are variations in the mammalian viral replication efficiency phenotypic among genetically diverse H6 IAVs in wild birds and that both intra- and inter-continental movements of IAVs through wild bird migration may facilitate the emergence of novel H6 IAV reassortants with the potential for replicating in mammals, including humans. Continued surveillance to monitor the diversity of H6 IAVs in wild birds is necessary to increase our understanding of the natural history of IAVs.

scholarly journals A28 Spatial spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) virus in Italy, 2017–8

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Zecchin ◽  
A Fusaro ◽  
G Zamperin ◽  
A Milani ◽  
A Schivo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Wild Duck ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Domestic Birds

Abstract In winter 2016–7 the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, H5N8 subtype, clade 2.3.4.4 group B, circulated extensively both in wild and domestic birds in Europe. Northern Italy was hit by three epidemic waves: the first in January–May 2017, the second in July–December 2017, and the latest in March 2018. To genetically characterize the viruses circulating in Italy we used the Illumina MiSeq platform to sequence the complete genome of representative viruses from each infected farm, for a total of 86 cases in poultry and 17 in wild birds. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses performed using PhyML version 3.1 identified multiple viral introductions of distinct genotypes of HPAI H5N8 viruses in Italy at the beginning of the epidemic (January–February 2017). During the second epidemic wave a single genetic group originating from the virus A/wild duck/Poland/82A/2016 seemed to have been selected, further evolving into two different clusters, namely Italy-A and Italy-B. We identified four clusters of secondary outbreaks, the largest being the epidemic in the province of Brescia between October 2017 and March 2018, which had affected 26 farms. Evolutionary and phylogeographic analyses performed with the BEAST v1.8.4 package (applying a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, using a constant size coalescent tree prior and a SRD06 model of nucleotide substitution) indicated that different viral introductions had probably occurred through migratory birds from West Russia, Siberia, Central and East Europe. The discrete and continuous phylogeographic analyses showed that group Italy-A had probably emerged between February and April 2017 in the province of Mantua and had then spread eastwards, circulating in the Veneto region and eastern Lombardy; on the contrary, Italy-B had arisen between March and July 2017 in the central part of Lombardy and had spread westwards, circulating in the western part of Lombardy, Emilia Romagna, and Piedmont regions. This study was instrumental to reconstruct the virus dissemination routes and indicated that wild and domestic birds from Lombardy most likely represented the key source for the re-emergence and spread of the HPAI virus during the second and the third epidemic waves. This key spatial information will help to define appropriate disease control strategies.

scholarly journals Complete Coding Sequences of One H9 and Three H7 Low-Pathogenic Influenza Viruses Circulating in Wild Birds in Belgium, 2009 to 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Van Borm ◽  
Toon Rosseel ◽  
Sylvie Marché ◽  
Mieke Steensels ◽  
Didier Vangeluwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Illumina Sequencing ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Bird Population ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Wild Waterfowl

The complete coding sequences of four avian influenza A viruses (two H7N7, one H7N1, and one H9N2) circulating in wild waterfowl in Belgium from 2009 to 2012 were determined using Illumina sequencing. All viral genome segments represent viruses circulating in the Eurasian wild bird population.

scholarly journals Inactivation of avian influenza viruses by hydrostatic pressure as a potential vaccine development approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso ◽  
Ana Clara Vicente dos Santos ◽  
Patrícia Souza dos Santos ◽  
José Nelson dos Santos Silva Couceiro ◽  
Davis Fernandes Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Structure Morphology ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
H3n8 Virus

Vaccines are a recommended strategy for controlling influenza A infections in humans and animals. Here, we describe the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the structure, morphology and functional characteristics of avian influenza A H3N8 virus. The effect of hydrostatic pressure for 3 h on H3N8 virus revealed that the particles were resistant to this condition, and the virus displayed only a discrete conformational change. We found that pressure of 3 kbar applied for 6 h was able to inhibit haemagglutination and infectivity while virus replication was no longer observed, suggesting that full virus inactivation occurred at this point. However, the neuraminidase activity was not affected at this approach suggesting the maintenance of neutralizing antibody epitopes in this key antigen. Our data bring important information for the area of structural virology of enveloped particles and support the idea of applying pressure-induced inactivation as a tool for vaccine production.

scholarly journals First Detection of a Novel Reassortant Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Clade 2.3.2.1c Virus, Isolated from a Wild Bird in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Ruiyun Li ◽  
Gaodong Zhu ◽  
Jianyu Chang ◽  
Bing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
Domestic Bird ◽  
Clade 2.3.2.1C

We report the first isolation of a reassortant clade 2.3.2.1c avian influenza A(H5N6) virus isolated from a wild bird sample in Jiangxi, China, in 2016. Sequence analyses indicated that this virus most likely evolved from Eurasia-derived H5N1 and H6N6 viruses through frequent interactions at the wild-domestic bird interface.

scholarly journals Novel real-time PCR-based patho- and phylotyping of potentially zoonotic avian influenza A subtype H5 viruses at risk of incursion into Europe in 2017

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud M Naguib ◽  
Annika Graaf ◽  
Andrea Fortin ◽  
Christine Luttermann ◽  
Ulrich Wernery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Development And Validation

Since November 2016, Europe witnesses another wave of incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses of the Asian origin goose/Guangdong (gs/GD) lineage. Infections with H5 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b affect wild bird and poultry populations. H5 viruses of clades 2.2, 2.3.1.2c and 2.3.4.4a were detected previously in Europe in 2006, 2010 and 2014. Clades 2.2.1.2 and 2.3.2.1.c are endemic in Egypt and Western Africa, respectively and have caused human fatalities. Evidence exists of their co-circulation in the Middle East. Subtype H5 viruses of low pathogenicity (LPAI) are endemic in migratory wild bird populations. They potentially mutate into highly pathogenic phenotypes following transmission into poultry holdings. However, to date only the gs/GD H5 lineage had an impact on human health. Rapid and specific diagnosis marks the cornerstone for control and eradication of HPAI virus incursions. We present the development and validation of five real-time RT-PCR assays (RT-qPCR) that allow sequencing-independent pathotype and clade-specific distinction of major gs/GD HPAI H5 virus clades and of Eurasian LPAI viruses currently circulating. Together with an influenza A virus-generic RT-qPCR, the assays significantly speed up time-to-diagnosis and reduce reaction times in a OneHealth approach of curbing the spread of gs/GD HPAI viruses.

scholarly journals Systemic infection with highly pathogenic H5N8 of avian origin produces encephalitis and mortality in wild mammals at a UK rehabilitation centre

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Floyd ◽  
Ashley C Banyard ◽  
Fabian ZX Lean ◽  
Alexander MP Byrne ◽  
Edward Fullick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Rehabilitation Centre ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Domestic Poultry ◽  
Avian Origin ◽  
The Impact

Europe has experienced extensive outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) during the autumn/winter 2020/21 season. These avian influenza A viruses are highly transmissible and have infected over 1000 commercial and backyard poultry premises in Europe in this period causing high mortality. The impact on wild bird populations has also been significant, with over 400 detections in at least 47 different species reported across Europe as being positive with the H5N8 virus. Although different H5Nx combinations within the H5 clade 2.3.4.4b have been detected, the H5N8 subtype has predominated both in wild birds and domestic poultry outbreaks. In the UK there have been 22 outbreaks of H5N8 in domestic poultry and captive birds and more than 300 wild bird detections involving H5N8 over the autumn/winter 2020/21 period to April 2021. Here we detail the series of events surrounding the detection of an H5N8 influenza A virus of avian origin in five swans, a fox and three seals in a wildlife rehabilitation centre.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of H4N6 Avian Influenza Viruses from Pigs with Pneumonia in Canada

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (19) ◽  
pp. 9322-9327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander I. Karasin ◽  
Ian H. Brown ◽  
Suzanne Carman ◽  
Christopher W. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
The North ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

ABSTRACT In October 1999, H4N6 influenza A viruses were isolated from pigs with pneumonia on a commercial swine farm in Canada. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of all eight viral RNA segments demonstrated that these are wholly avian influenza viruses of the North American lineage. To our knowledge, this is the first report of interspecies transmission of an avian H4 influenza virus to domestic pigs under natural conditions.

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