scholarly journals Apoptosis in a Whitefly Vector Activated by a Begomovirus Enhances Viral Transmission

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Ru Wang ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Fei-Xue Ban ◽  
Murad Ghanim ◽  
Li-Long Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Plant Dna ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Viral Accumulation ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Whitefly Vector

Of the approximately 1,100 known plant viruses, about one-third are DNA viruses that are vectored by insects. Plant virus infections often induce cellular and molecular responses in their insect vectors, which can, in many cases, affect the spread of viruses. However, the mechanisms underlying vector responses that affect virus accumulation and transmission are poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of virus-induced apoptosis in the transmission of begomoviruses, a group of single-stranded plant DNA viruses that are transmitted by whiteflies and cause extensive damage to many crops worldwide. We demonstrated that virus infection can induce apoptosis in the insect vector conferring protection to the virions from degradation, leading to enhanced viral accumulation and transmission to host plants. Our findings provide valuable clues for designing new strategies to block the transmission of insect-vectored plant viruses, particularly plant DNA viruses.

scholarly journals A plant DNA virus replicates in the salivary glands of its insect vector via recruitment of host DNA synthesis machinery

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (29) ◽  
pp. 16928-16937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Zhou He ◽  
Yu-Meng Wang ◽  
Tian-Yan Yin ◽  
Elvira Fiallo-Olivé ◽  
Yin-Quan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Plant Dna ◽  
Leaf Curl

Whereas most of the arthropod-borne animal viruses replicate in their vectors, this is less common for plant viruses. So far, only some plant RNA viruses have been demonstrated to replicate in insect vectors and plant hosts. How plant viruses evolved to replicate in the animal kingdom remains largely unknown. Geminiviruses comprise a large family of plant-infecting, single-stranded DNA viruses that cause serious crop losses worldwide. Here, we report evidence and insight into the replication of the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) vector and that replication is mainly in the salivary glands. We found that TYLCV induces DNA synthesis machinery, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and DNA polymerase δ (Polδ), to establish a replication-competent environment in whiteflies. TYLCV replication-associated protein (Rep) interacts with whitefly PCNA, which recruits DNA Polδ for virus replication. In contrast, another geminivirus, papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV), does not replicate in the whitefly vector. PaLCuCNV does not induce DNA-synthesis machinery, and the Rep does not interact with whitefly PCNA. Our findings reveal important mechanisms by which a plant DNA virus replicates across the kingdom barrier in an insect and may help to explain the global spread of this devastating pathogen.

scholarly journals siRNA biogenesis and advances in topically applied dsRNA for controlling virus infections in tomato plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila M. Rego-Machado ◽  
Erich Y. T. Nakasu ◽  
João M. F. Silva ◽  
Natália Lucinda ◽  
Tatsuya Nagata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Inoculation ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Systemic Movement ◽  
Begomovirus Genome ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractA non-transgenic approach based on RNA interference was employed to induce protection against tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) infection in tomato plants. dsRNA molecules targeting the cp gene of ToMV were topically applied on plants prior to virus inoculation. Protection was dose-dependent and sequence-specific. While no protection was achieved when 0–16 µg dsRNA were used, maximum rates of resistance (60 and 63%) were observed in doses of 200 and 400 µg/plant, respectively. Similar rates were also obtained against potato virus Y when targeting its cp gene. The protection was quickly activated upon dsRNA application and lasted for up to 4 days. In contrast, no detectable antiviral response was triggered by the dsRNA from a begomovirus genome, suggesting the method is not effective against phloem-limited DNA viruses. Deep sequencing was performed to analyze the biogenesis of siRNA populations. Although long-dsRNA remained in the treated leaves for at least 10 days, its systemic movement was not observed. Conversely, dsRNA-derived siRNA populations (mainly 21- and 22-nt) were detected in non-treated leaves, which indicates endogenous processing and transport through the plant. Altogether, this study provides critical information for the development of novel tools against plant viruses; strengths and limitations inherent to the systems are discussed.

scholarly journals A vector whitefly endocytic receptor facilitates the entry of begomoviruses into its midgut cells via binding to virion capsid proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e1009053
Author(s):  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Teng Lei ◽  
Xin-Jia Zhang ◽  
Tian-Yan Yin ◽  
Xiao-Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Receptor Complex ◽  
Binding Region ◽  
Insect Midgut ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Viral Binding ◽  
Virus Acquisition ◽  
Whitefly Vector

Many circulative plant viruses transmitted by insect vectors are devastating to agriculture worldwide. The midgut wall of vector insects represents a major barrier and at the same time the key gate a circulative plant virus must cross for productive transmission. However, how these viruses enter insect midgut cells remains poorly understood. Here, we identified an endocytic receptor complex for begomoviruses in the midgut cells of their whitefly vector. Our results show that two whitefly proteins, BtCUBN and BtAMN, compose a receptor complex BtCubam, for which BtCUBN contributes a viral-binding region and BtAMN contributes to membrane anchorage. Begomoviruses appear to be internalized together with BtCubam via its interaction with the 12–19 CUB domains of BtCUBN via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Functional analysis indicates that interruption of BtCUBN and BtAMN lead to reduction of virus acquisition and transmission by whitefly. In contrast, CUBN-begomovirus interaction was not observed in two non-competent whitefly-begomovirus combinations. These observations suggest a major role of the specific endocytic receptor in facilitating viral entry into vector midgut cells.

The role of cbl family of ubiquitin ligases in gastric cancer exosome-induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells

2009 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jing-Lei Qu ◽  
Xiu-Juan Qu ◽  
Ming-Fang Zhao ◽  
Yue-E Teng ◽  
Ye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligases ◽  
Jurkat T Cells ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

The Role of VDR Phosphorylation in Vitamin D-Induced Apoptosis

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen J. Narvaez ◽  
JoEllen Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

scholarly journals Effects of Vector Maturation Time on the Dynamics of Cassava Mosaic Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Al Basir ◽  
Y. N. Kyrychko ◽  
K. B. Blyuss ◽  
S. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽  
Maturation Time ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Dynamical Regimes

AbstractMany plant diseases are caused by plant viruses that are often transmitted to plants by vectors. For instance, the cassava mosaic disease, which is spread by whiteflies, has a significant negative effect on plant growth and development. Since only mature whiteflies can contribute to the spread of the cassava mosaic virus, and the maturation time is non-negligible compared to whitefly lifetime, it is important to consider the effects this maturation time can have on the dynamics. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model for dynamics of cassava mosaic disease that includes immature and mature vectors and explicitly includes a time delay representing vector maturation time. A special feature of our plant epidemic model is that vector recruitment is negatively related to the delayed ratio between vector density and plant density. We identify conditions of biological feasibility and stability of different steady states in terms of system parameters and the time delay. Numerical stability analyses and simulations are performed to explore the role of various parameters, and to illustrate the behaviour of the model in different dynamical regimes. We show that the maturation delay may stabilise epidemiological dynamics that would otherwise be cyclic.

The role of bcl-xL in CD40-mediated rescue from anti-μ-induced apoptosis in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1352-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. K. Choi ◽  
Lawrence H. Boise ◽  
Alexander R. Gottschalk ◽  
José Quintans ◽  
Craig B. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoma Cells ◽  
B Lymphoma ◽  
B Lymphoma Cells ◽  
Wehi 231 ◽  
Induced Apoptosis
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