scholarly journals Strain-Level Analysis of Bifidobacterium spp. from Gut Microbiomes of Adults with Differing Lactase Persistence Genotypes

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Schmidt ◽  
Hagay Enav ◽  
Timothy D. Spector ◽  
Nicholas D. Youngblut ◽  
Ruth E. Ley
Keyword(s):  
Lactase Persistence ◽  
Strain Level ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Strain Stability ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Over Time

When humans domesticated animals, some adapted genetically to digest milk into adulthood (lactase persistence). The gut microbiomes of people with lactase-persistent genotypes (AA or AG) differ from those with lactase-nonpersistent genotypes (GG) by containing fewer bacteria belonging to the bifidobacteria, a group which contains beneficial species. Here, we asked if the gut microbiomes of adults with GG and AA/AG genotypes differ in the species of bifidobacteria present. In particular, we used a novel technique which allowed us to compare bifidobacteria in adults at the strain level, without the traditional need for culturing. Our results show that the GG genotype enhances the abundance of bifidobacteria regardless of species. We also noted that a person’s specific strains are recoverable several years later, and twins can share the same ones. Given that bifidobacteria are inherited from mother to child, strain stability over time in adulthood suggests long-term, multigenerational inheritance.

scholarly journals Strain-Level Analysis of Mother-to-Child Bacterial Transmission during the First Few Months of Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-154.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moran Yassour ◽  
Eeva Jason ◽  
Larson J. Hogstrom ◽  
Timothy D. Arthur ◽  
Surya Tripathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Level ◽  
Bacterial Transmission ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Level Analysis

scholarly journals Strain-level analysis of Bifidobacterium spp. from gut microbiomes of adults of differing lactase persistence genotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Schmidt ◽  
Hagay Enav ◽  
Timothy Spector ◽  
Nicholas D. Youngblut ◽  
Ruth Ley
Keyword(s):  
Human Genetics ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Lactase Persistence ◽  
Strain Level ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution ◽  
Lactase Gene ◽  
Mother To Child

ABSTRACTOne of the strongest associations between human genetics and the gut microbiome is a greater relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in adults with lactase gene (LCT) SNPs associated with lactase-non persistence (GG genotypes), versus lactase persistence (AA/AG genotypes). To gain a finer grained phylogenetic resolution of this association, we interrogated 1,680 16S rRNA libraries and 245 metagenomes from gut microbiomes of adults with varying lactase persistence genotypes. We further employed a novel genome-capture based enrichment of Bifidobacterium DNA from a subset of these metagenomes, including monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, each sampled 2 or 3 times. B. adolescentis and B. longum were the most abundant Bifidobacterium species regardless of host LCT-genotype. LCT- genotypes could not be discriminated based on relative abundances of Bifidobacterium species or Bifidobacterium community structure. Metagenomic analysis of Bifidobacterium-enriched DNA revealed intra-individual temporal stability of B. longum, B. adolescentis, and B. bifidum strains against the background of a changeable microbiome. We also observed greater strain sharing within MZ twin pairs compared to unrelated individuals, and within GG compared to AA/AG individuals, but no effect of host LCTgenotype on Bifidobacterium strain composition. Our results support a “rising tide lift all boats” model for the dominant Bifidobacteria in the adult gut: their higher abundance in lactase-non persistent compared to lactase-persistent individuals results from an expansion at the genus level. Bifidobacterium species are known to be transmitted from mother to child and stable within individuals in infancy and childhood: our results extend this stability into adulthood.IMPORTANCEWhen human populations domesticated animals to drink their milk they adapted genetically with the ability to digest milk into adulthood (lactase persistence). The gut microbiomes of lactase non-persistent people (LNP) differ from those of lactase-persistent people (LP) by containing more bacteria belonging to the Bifidobacteria. These beneficial gut bacteria, which fall into many species, are known to degrade milk in the baby gut. Here, we asked if adult LP and LNP microbiomes differ in the species of Bifidobacteria present. We studied the gut microbiomes of LP and LNP adults, including twins, sampled at several times. In particular, we used a technique to selectively pull out the DNA belonging to the Bifidobacteria: analysis of these DNA segments allowed us to compare Bifidobacteria at the strain level. Our results show that the LNP enhance the abundance of Bifidobacteria regardless of species. We also noted that a person’s specific strains are recoverable several years later, and twins tend to share the same ones. Given that Bifidobacteria are inherited from mother to child, strain stability over time in adulthood suggests long term, multi-generational inheritance.

scholarly journals Strain-level analysis of gut-resident pro-inflammatory viridans group Streptococci suppressed by long-term cotrimoxazole prophylaxis among HIV-positive children in Zimbabwe

Gut Microbes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1104-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan K. Gough ◽  
Claire D. Bourke ◽  
Chipo Berejena ◽  
Annie Shonhai ◽  
Mutsa Bwakura-Dangarembizi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Level ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis ◽  
Viridans Group Streptococci ◽  
Level Analysis

Enhancing community welfare through improved water quality: a case for applying staggered pollution charges in the river Musi sub-basin of Andhra Pradesh, India

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-483
Author(s):  
Tishya Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Over Time

In conditions of severe water-pollution and dormant community acceptance of accumulating environmental damage, the regulator's role goes beyond pollution prevention and more towards remediation and solutions based on the community's long-term expectations of economic benefits from clean water. This paper suggests a method to enable these benefits to become perceptible progressively, through participatory clean-up operations, supported by staggered pollution charges. It analyses the relevant literature on pollution prevention and applies a cost-based “willingness to pay” model, using primary basin-level data of total marginal costs. It develops a replicable demand-side approach imposing charge-standard targets over time in urban-industrial basins of developing countries.

The Short-Term and Long-Term Impacts of Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Composition and Characteristics of Corporate Board of Directors

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halil Kaya ◽  
Gaurango Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Board Composition ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
Corporate Accountability ◽  
Corporate Board ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Board Characteristics ◽  
Sarbanes Oxley ◽  
Over Time

The paper examines the Sarbanes-Oxley (2002) Acts immediate impact on board composition and characteristics as well as possible reversals in its impact over time. Effects on directors age and tenure are analyzed over the 2001-06 sample period. Female participation in corporate boards is also studied in the pre-SOX and post-SOX periods. The dual roles of directors in being a member of the board as well as serving as either CEO, CFO, Chairman, Co-Chair, Founder, or Lead Director of their respective companies is also examined. We observe a short-term impact of SOX on board compositions due to changes seen in board characteristics between 2001 (pre-SOX), and 2003-05 short-term period (post-SOX). Also, we observe a reversal of board characteristics in 2006 to pre-SOX levels implying that the effects of SOX on board composition were short-lived, and needs to be monitored over time to ensure adherence to corporate accountability guidelines over the long-term.

A Downward Spiral? A Panel Study of Misinformation and Media Trust in Chile

2021 ◽  
pp. 194016122110252
Author(s):  
Sebastián Valenzuela ◽  
Daniel Halpern ◽  
Felipe Araneda
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Downward Spiral ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Trust ◽  
People’S Attitudes ◽  
Over Time

Despite widespread concern, research on the consequences of misinformation on people's attitudes is surprisingly scant. To fill in this gap, the current study examines the long-term relationship between misinformation and trust in the news media. Based on the reinforcing spirals model, we analyzed data from a three-wave panel survey collected in Chile between 2017 and 2019. We found a weak, over-time relationship between misinformation and media skepticism. Specifically, initial beliefs on factually dubious information were negatively correlated with subsequent levels of trust in the news media. Lower trust in the media, in turn, was related over time to higher levels of misinformation. However, we found no evidence of a reverse, parallel process where media trust shielded users against misinformation, further reinforcing trust in the news media. The lack of evidence of a downward spiral suggests that the corrosive effects of misinformation on attitudes toward the news media are less serious than originally suggested. We close with a discussion of directions for future research.

scholarly journals Personality dynamics at work: The effects of form, time, and context of variability

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110173
Author(s):  
Nadin Beckmann ◽  
Damian P Birney ◽  
Amirali Minbashian ◽  
Jens F Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
State Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Trait Variability

The study aimed to investigate the status of within-person state variability in neuroticism and conscientiousness as individual differences constructs by exploring their (a) temporal stability, (b) cross-context consistency, (c) empirical links to selected antecedents, and (d) empirical links to longer term trait variability. Employing a sample of professionals ( N = 346) from Australian organisations, personality state data together with situation appraisals were collected using experience sampling methodology in field and repeatedly in lab-like settings. Data on personality traits, cognitive ability, and motivational mindsets were collected at baseline and after two years. Contingent (situation contingencies) and non-contingent (relative SD) state variability indices were relatively stable over time and across contexts. Only a small number of predictive effects of state variability were observed, and these differed across contexts. Cognitive ability appeared to be associated with state variability under lab-like conditions. There was limited evidence of links between short-term state and long-term trait variability, except for a small effect for neuroticism. Some evidence of positive manifold was found for non-contingent variability. Systematic efforts are required to further elucidate the complex pattern of results regarding the antecedents, correlates and outcomes of individual differences in state variability.

scholarly journals Agritourism—A Business Reality of the Moment for Romanian Rural Area’s Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6313
Author(s):  
Ramona Ciolac ◽  
Tiberiu Iancu ◽  
Ioan Brad ◽  
Tabita Adamov ◽  
Nicoleta Mateoc-Sîrb
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
The Future ◽  
Tourism Potential ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Managerial Experience ◽  
Over Time

The agritourism activity can be a characteristic reality of the present, considering rural area’s sustainability, being at the same time a business reality for rural entrepreneurs and a “must have” for rural communities that have tourism potential. It is a form of tourism, through which the tourist can receive a qualitative product at a reasonable price, but also a field that can ensure sustainable development over time, being at the same time environmentally friendly. The purpose of this scientific paper is to identify the aspects that make agritourism “a possible business reality of the moment”, for Romanian rural area’s sustainability. We take into account the following areas: Bran-Moieciu area—considered “the oldest” in terms of agritourism experience, and Apuseni Mountains area, with a great inclination and potential for this activity. The study conducted for these two areas is focused on several aspects: the degree of involvement in agritourism activities, considering the number of years and managerial experience, the analysis of the types of activities/experiences offered by agritourism structures, the identification of the main reasons/motivations for the orientation towards agritourism and the manner in which this field is perceived. Aspects related to the marketing-finance part of the agritourism business are also taken into account: customers, distribution channels, financial sources, shortcomings observed by agritourism business owners and possible action directions so as to improve the activity/agritourism product. Agritourism may be “a possible business reality of the moment” for the studied areas and not only, but in the future, the entrepreneur/farmer must be constantly updated because of the changing situations that appear on the market, be able to make sustainable decisions for his/her own business, which in the future will ensure its viability and obviously its long-term profitability and development, and in the same time rural area’s sustainability.

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