scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Ocean acidification during the early Toarcian extinction event: Evidence from boron isotopes in brachiopods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Müller ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Boron Isotopes ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Model Sample ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
Age Model ◽  
Species Specific

Detailed information on the applied geochemical and calibration methods, carbonate chemistry models, age model, sample preservation, and additional information about species-specific effect on δ<sup>11</sup>B fractionation in brachiopods.<br>

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Ocean acidification during the early Toarcian extinction event: Evidence from boron isotopes in brachiopods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Müller ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Boron Isotopes ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Model Sample ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
Age Model ◽  
Species Specific

Detailed information on the applied geochemical and calibration methods, carbonate chemistry models, age model, sample preservation, and additional information about species-specific effect on δ<sup>11</sup>B fractionation in brachiopods.<br>

scholarly journals From laboratory manipulations to Earth system models: scaling calcification impacts of ocean acidification

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 2611-2623 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ridgwell ◽  
D. N. Schmidt ◽  
C. Turley ◽  
C. Brownlee ◽  
M. T. Maldonado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Global Impacts ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. The observed variation in the calcification responses of coccolithophores to changes in carbonate chemistry paints a highly incoherent picture, particularly for the most commonly cultured "species", Emiliania huxleyi. The disparity between magnitude and potentially even sign of the calcification change under simulated end-of-century ocean surface chemical changes (higher pCO2, lower pH and carbonate saturation), raises challenges to quantifying future carbon cycle impacts and feedbacks because it introduces significant uncertainty in parameterizations used for global models. Here we compile the results of coccolithophore carbonate chemistry manipulation experiments and review how ocean carbon cycle models have attempted to bridge the gap from experiments to global impacts. Although we can rule out methodological differences in how carbonate chemistry is altered as introducing an experimental bias, the absence of a consistent calcification response implies that model parameterizations based on small and differing subsets of experimental observations will lead to varying estimates for the global carbon cycle impacts of ocean acidification. We highlight two pertinent observations that might help: (1) the degree of coccolith calcification varies substantially, both between species and within species across different genotypes, and (2) the calcification response across mesocosm and shipboard incubations has so-far been found to be relatively consistent. By analogy to descriptions of plankton growth rate vs. temperature, such as the "Eppley curve", which seek to encapsulate the net community response via progressive assemblage change rather than the response of any single species, we posit that progressive future ocean acidification may drive a transition in dominance from more to less heavily calcified coccolithophores. Assemblage shift may be more important to integrated community calcification response than species-specific response, highlighting the importance of whole community manipulation experiments to models in the absence of a complete physiological understanding of the underlying calcification process. However, on a century time-scale, regardless of the parameterization adopted, the atmospheric pCO2 impact of ocean acidification is minor compared to other global carbon cycle feedbacks.

Calcification of an estuarine coccolithophore increases with ocean acidification when subjected to diurnally fluctuating carbonate chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 601 ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
MM White ◽  
DT Drapeau ◽  
LC Lubelczyk ◽  
VC Abel ◽  
BC Bowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry

scholarly journals Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. eaba9958
Author(s):  
Maxence Guillermic ◽  
Louise P. Cameron ◽  
Ilian De Corte ◽  
Sambuddha Misra ◽  
Jelle Bijma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Negative Interaction ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Stylophora Pistillata ◽  
Coral Calcification ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Different Time Scales

The combination of thermal stress and ocean acidification (OA) can more negatively affect coral calcification than an individual stressors, but the mechanism behind this interaction is unknown. We used two independent methods (microelectrode and boron geochemistry) to measure calcifying fluid pH (pHcf) and carbonate chemistry of the corals Pocillopora damicornis and Stylophora pistillata grown under various temperature and pCO2 conditions. Although these approaches demonstrate that they record pHcf over different time scales, they reveal that both species can cope with OA under optimal temperatures (28°C) by elevating pHcf and aragonite saturation state (Ωcf) in support of calcification. At 31°C, neither species elevated these parameters as they did at 28°C and, likewise, could not maintain substantially positive calcification rates under any pH treatment. These results reveal a previously uncharacterized influence of temperature on coral pHcf regulation—the apparent mechanism behind the negative interaction between thermal stress and OA on coral calcification.

Changes in the transferrin requirement of cultured chick embryo mesoderm cells during early differentiation

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
E. J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Cellular Adhesion ◽  
Type I ◽  
Surface Binding ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Early Differentiation ◽  
Species Specific

Mesodermal tissue from the chick embryo at various stages of early differentiation was cultured in hydrated gels of type I collagen in the presence and absence of transferrin. Primary mesoderm explants from primitive-streak-stage embryos responded to the presence of avian transferrin by significantly improved outgrowth which appeared to be related to the ability of the cells to attach to, and migrate in, the collagen. No evidence was obtained which suggested that this observation was dependent on increased cell proliferation. This outgrowth enhancement was not duplicated by transferrin of human origin. The avian transferrin did not produce this effect on cells cultured on plastic substrata, suggesting that the species-specific effect involves modulation by the extracellular matrix. Mesoderm explants from somite stages of development showed no increase in outgrowth in the presence of either avian or human transferrin as judged by counting the number of outwandering cells. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry indicated surface binding of transferrin by cells in the gels, and the presence of endogenous transferrin on the surfaces of mesoderm cells in situ and in their extracellular environment. It is suggested that by binding to cell surface receptors, transferrin may be able to influence the strength of cellular adhesion to collagen and hence the capacity for cell locomotion.

scholarly journals Modelling coral calcification accounting for the impacts of coral bleaching and ocean acidification

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2607-2630 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Evenhuis ◽  
A. Lenton ◽  
N. E. Cantin ◽  
J. M. Lough
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Reef Environment ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Coral Reef Environment ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Abstract. Coral reefs are diverse ecosystems that are threatened by rising CO2 levels through increases in sea surface temperature and ocean acidification. Here we present a new unified model that links changes in temperature and carbonate chemistry to coral health. Changes in coral health and population are explicitly modelled by linking rates of growth, recovery and calcification to rates of bleaching and temperature-stress-induced mortality. The model is underpinned by four key principles: the Arrhenius equation, thermal specialisation, correlated up- and down-regulation of traits that are consistent with resource allocation trade-offs, and adaption to local environments. These general relationships allow this model to be constructed from a range of experimental and observational data. The performance of the model is assessed against independent data to demonstrate how it can capture the observed response of corals to stress. We also provide new insights into the factors that determine calcification rates and provide a framework based on well-known biological principles to help understand the observed global distribution of calcification rates. Our results suggest that, despite the implicit complexity of the coral reef environment, a simple model based on temperature, carbonate chemistry and different species can give insights into how corals respond to changes in temperature and ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Osteocalcin Production in Primary Osteoblast Cultures Derived from Normal and Hyp Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas O. Carpenter ◽  
Kathleen C. Moltz ◽  
Bruce Ellis ◽  
Monica Andreoli ◽  
Thomas L. McCarthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Primary Osteoblast ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Osteocalcin Production

Abstract Rickets and osteomalacia are characteristic features of the Hyp mouse model of human X-linked hypophosphatemia. Hyp mice demonstrate elevated circulating osteocalcin levels, as well as altered regulation of osteocalcin by 1,25(OH)2D3. Whether this osteocalcin abnormality is intrinsic to the osteoblast, or mediated by the in vivo milieu, has not been established. We therefore characterized osteocalcin production and its regulation by 1,25(OH)2D3 in primary cultures of murine osteoblasts and examined osteocalcin and its messenger RNA in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 in cultures of Hyp mouse-derived osteoblasts. Cell viability and osteocalcin production are optimal when murine cells are harvested within 36 h of age. Murine primary osteoblast cultures mineralize and produce osteocalcin in a maturation-dependent fashion (as demonstrated in other species), and continuous exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3, beginning at day 9 of culture, inhibits osteoblast differentiation and osteocalcin production and prevents mineralization of the culture. However, in contrast to other species, exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3, added later (days 17–25) in culture, does not stimulate osteocalcin but arrests osteocalcin production at current levels. Ambient media levels of osteocalcin were no different in cultures from Hyp mice and their normal litter mates, and the down-regulatory response to 1,25(OH)2D3 was comparable in cultures from normal and Hyp mice. Furthermore, expression of osteocalcin messenger RNA in murine cultures is reduced with exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3, and there is no difference between normal and Hyp cultures in this response. Thus, primary murine osteoblasts manifest a species-specific effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on osteocalcin production. Furthermore, the increased serum osteocalcin production seen in intact Hyp mice, and the altered response to 1,25(OH)2D3 in Hyp mice, are not observed in osteoblast cultures derived from the mutant strain. These data indicate that abnormalities of osteocalcin described in intact Hyp mice require factors other than those present in cultured cells.

scholarly journals Climate simulations of the Permian-Triassic boundary: Ocean acidification and the extinction event

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Montenegro ◽  
P. Spence ◽  
K. J. Meissner ◽  
M. Eby ◽  
M. J. Melchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Climate Simulations ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

scholarly journals The role of ocean acidification in <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> coccolith thinning in the Mediterranean Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2857-2869 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. S. Meier ◽  
L. Beaufort ◽  
S. Heussner ◽  
P. Ziveri
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Nw Mediterranean ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry

Abstract. Ocean acidification is a result of the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere into the ocean and has been identified as a major environmental and economic threat. The release of several thousands of petagrams of carbon over a few hundred years will have an overwhelming effect on surface ocean carbon reservoirs. The recorded and anticipated changes in seawater carbonate chemistry will presumably affect global oceanic carbonate production. Coccolithophores as the primary calcifying phytoplankton group, and especially Emiliania huxleyi as the most abundant species have shown a reduction of calcification at increased CO2 concentrations for the majority of strains tested in culture experiments. A reduction of calcification is associated with a decrease in coccolith weight. However, the effect in monoclonal cultures is relatively small compared to the strong variability displayed in natural E. huxleyi communities, as these are a mix of genetically and sometimes morphologically distinct types. Average coccolith weight is likely influenced by the variability in seawater carbonate chemistry in different parts of the world's oceans and on glacial/interglacial time scales due to both physiological effects and morphotype selectivity. An effect of the ongoing ocean acidification on E. huxleyi calcification has so far not been documented in situ. Here, we analyze E. huxleyi coccolith weight from the NW Mediterranean Sea in a 12-year sediment trap series, and surface sediment and sediment core samples using an automated recognition and analyzing software. Our findings clearly show (1) a continuous decrease in the average coccolith weight of E. huxleyi from 1993 to 2005, reaching levels below pre-industrial (Holocene) and industrial (20th century) values recorded in the sedimentary record and (2) seasonal variability in coccolith weight that is linked to the coccolithophore productivity. The observed long-term decrease in coccolith weight is most likely a result of the changes in the surface ocean carbonate system. Our results provide the first indications of an in situ impact of ocean acidification on coccolithophore weight in a natural E. huxleyi population, even in the highly alkaline Mediterranean Sea.

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