Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease by enterovirus 71. High incidence of complication disorders of central nervous system.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) commonly produces herpangina, but fatal neurological complications have been observed in children. Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and Coxsackievirus 16 (CV-A16) are the predominant viruses causing HFMD worldwide. With rising concern about HFMD outbreaks, there is a need for an effective vaccine against EV-A71 and CV-A16. Although an inactivated vaccine has been developed against EV-A71 in China, the inability of the inactivated vaccine to confer protection against CV-A16 infection and other HFMD etiological agents, such as CV-A6 and CV-A10, necessitates the exploration of other vaccine platforms. Thus, the antigenic peptide-based vaccines are promising platforms to develop safe and efficacious multivalent vaccines, while the monoclonal antibodies are viable therapeutic and prophylactic agents against HFMD etiological agents. This article reviews the available information related to the antigenic peptides of the etiological agents of HFMD and their neutralizing antibodies that can provide a basis for the design of future therapies against HFMD etiological agents.

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N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for the prognostic prediction of severe enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease

International Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.ijid.2016.10.014 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 64-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jun Qiu ◽

Xiulan Lu ◽

Pingping Liu ◽

Xinping Zhang ◽

Chao Zuo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natriuretic Peptide ◽

Enterovirus 71 ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Prognostic Prediction

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Trend analysis and forecast of daily reported incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease in Hubei, China by Prophet model

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81100-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cong Xie ◽

Haoyu Wen ◽

Wenwen Yang ◽

Jing Cai ◽

Peng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moving Average ◽

Arima Model ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Spring Festival ◽

High Incidence ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Accurate Forecast ◽

Changing Patterns ◽

Two Peaks

AbstractHand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is common among children below 5 years. HFMD has a high incidence in Hubei Province, China. In this study, the Prophet model was used to forecast the incidence of HFMD in comparison with the autoregressive-integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, and HFMD incidence was decomposed into trends, yearly, weekly seasonality and holiday effect. The Prophet model fitted better than the ARIMA model in daily reported incidence of HFMD. The HFMD incidence forecast by the Prophet model showed that two peaks occurred in 2019, with the higher peak in May and the lower peak in December. Periodically changing patterns of HFMD incidence were observed after decomposing the time-series into its major components. In specific, multi-year variability of HFMD incidence was found, and the slow-down increasing point of HFMD incidence was identified. Relatively high HFMD incidences appeared in May and on Mondays. The effect of Spring Festival on HFMD incidence was much stronger than that of other holidays. This study showed the potential of the Prophet model to detect seasonality in HFMD incidence. Our next goal is to incorporate climate variables into the Prophet model to produce an accurate forecast of HFMD incidence.

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Meteorological factors affect the hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic in Qingdao, China, 2007–2014

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268816000601 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 144 (11) ◽

pp. 2354-2362 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

F. C. JIANG ◽

F. YANG ◽

L. CHEN ◽

J. JIA ◽

Y. L. HAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meteorological Factors ◽

Enterovirus 71 ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Late Summer ◽

Atmospheric Temperature ◽

Early Spring ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Spearman Rank Correlation Analysis

SUMMARYHand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has caused public health concerns worldwide. We aimed to investigate the effect of meteorological factors on the HFMD epidemic in Qingdao, a port city in China. A total of 78641 cases were reported in Qingdao between January 2007 and December 2014. Of those, 71084 (90·39%) occurred in children aged 0–5 years, with an incidence of 1691·2/100000. The incidence increased from early spring, peaked between spring and summer, and decreased in late summer. Aetiological agents in all severe cases and selected mild cases were characterized by examining throat swabs. Except for enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), other EVs caused >50% of the HFMD cases between 2011 and 2014. EV71 was more frequent in the off-peak months than in the peak months and prone to causing more severe cases compared to CA16 (χ2 = 46·3, P < 0·001). CA10 caused more severe HFMD than did CA6 (χ2 = 20·49, P < 0·001) and all non-CA10 EVs (χ2 = 41·01, P < 0·001). Community-derived HFMD cases accounted for 65·11%. Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that HFMD incidence in children aged 0–5 years was positively correlated with atmospheric temperature (rs = 0·77, P < 0·001), relative humidity (rs = 0·507, P < 0·001), and precipitation (rs = 0·328, P < 0·001). Climate changes and CA10 surveillance in communities should be integrated into the current prophylactic programme.

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