Radiation doses in diagnostic imaging for suspected physical abuse

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 863-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raylene Rao ◽  
Diana Browne ◽  
Brian Lunt ◽  
David Perry ◽  
Peter Reed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Bone Imaging ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose ◽  
Ct Head ◽  
Contrast Ct ◽  
Effective Radiation

ObjectiveTo measure the actual radiation dose delivered by imaging techniques commonly used in the radiography of suspected physical abuse and to make this information available to health professionals and families.MethodsData were collected retrospectively on children under 3 years referred for skeletal surveys for suspected physical abuse, non-contrast CT head scan or radionuclide imaging of the bones in Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand from January to December 2015. Patient size-specific conversion coefficients were derived from International Commission on Radiologic Protection tissue weighting factors and used to calculate effective dose.ResultsSeventy-one patients underwent an initial skeletal survey, receiving a mean effective dose of 0.20 mSv (95% CI 0.18 to 0.22). Sixteen patients had a follow-up survey with a mean effective dose of 0.10 mSv (95% CI 0.08 to 0.11). Eighty patients underwent CT head which delivered a mean effective dose of 2.49 mSv (95% CI 2.37 to 2.60). Thirty-nine patients underwent radionuclide bone imaging which delivered a mean effective dose of 2.27 mSv (95% CI 2.11 to 2.43).ConclusionsIn a paediatric centre, skeletal surveys deliver a relatively low effective radiation dose, equivalent to approximately 1 month of background radiation. Non-contrast CT head scan and radionuclide bone imaging deliver similar doses, equivalent to approximately 1 year of background radiation. This information should be considered when gaining informed consent and incorporated in patient education handouts.

scholarly journals Reducing cranial computed tomography effective radiation dose by 30% using adaptive iterative dose reduction

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Wai-Yung Yu ◽  
Thye Sin Ho ◽  
Henry Ko ◽  
Wai-Yee Chan ◽  
Serene Ong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Reduction ◽  
Diagnostic Image Quality ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose ◽  
Diagnostic Image ◽  
Ct Head ◽  
Effective Radiation

Introduction: The use of computed tomography (CT) imaging as a diagnostic modality is increasing rapidly and CT is the dominant contributor to diagnostic medical radiation exposure. The aim of this project was to reduce the effective radiation dose to patients undergoing cranial CT examination, while maintaining diagnostic image quality. Methods: Data from a total of 1003, 132 and 27 patients were examined for three protocols: CT head, CT angiography (CTA), and CT perfusion (CTP), respectively. Following installation of adaptive iterative dose reduction (AIDR) 3D software, tube current was lowered in consecutive cycles, in a stepwise manner and effective radiation doses measured at each step. Results: Baseline effective radiation doses for CT head, CTA and CTP were 1.80, 3.60 and 3.96 mSv, at currents of 300, 280 and 130–150 mA, respectively. Using AIDR 3D and final reduced currents of 160, 190 and 70–100 mA for CT head, CTA and CTP gave effective doses of 1.29, 3.18 and 2.76 mSv, respectively. Conclusion: We demonstrated that satisfactory reductions in the effective radiation dose for CT head (28.3%), CTA (11.6%) and CTP (30.1%) can be achieved without sacrificing diagnostic image quality. We have also shown that iterative reconstruction techniques such as AIDR 3D can be effectively used to help reduce effective radiation dose. The dose reductions were performed within a short period and can be easily achievable, even in busy departments.

scholarly journals Effective ?-radiation Dose on Chitosan for Preservation of Mangoes (Mangifera indica)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashna Islam ◽  
Mahfuza Sharifa Sultana ◽  
Fahmida Parvin ◽  
Mubarak A Khan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Chitosan Solution ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Radiation

The effective dose of ? radiation on chitosan for mango preservation was studies in this work. The 2% chitosan solution was irradiated with at various total doses (50-200 kGy). The mature green mangoes were soaked in un-irradiated and irradiated chitosan solutions and then they were stored at normal room temperature. The percentage of weight loss, color change and percentage of spoilage were observed for 15 days in control, un-irradiated and irradiated chitosan coated mangoes. The overall results showed the superiority of 50 kGy and 100 kGy irradiated chitosan in extending shelf life of mango as comared to control, un-irradiated and 120 kGy to 200 kGy irradiated chitosan. Jahangirnagar University Environmental Bulletin, Vol.2, 35-40, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jueb.v2i0.16328

Measurement of lower-leg volume change by quantitative computed tomography

2008 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1024-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-E. Angelhed ◽  
L. Strid ◽  
E. Bergelin ◽  
B. Fagerberg
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose

Background: Lower-leg edema is a common symptom in many diseases. A precise method with low variability for measurement of edema is warranted in order to obtain optimal conditions for investigation of treatment effects. Purpose: To evaluate computed tomography for precise measurement of lower-leg muscle and adipose tissue volumes using a very low level of effective radiation dose. Material and Methods: Eleven volunteers were examined three times during 1 day, either as two consecutive examinations in the morning and one single examination in the afternoon, or as one examination in the morning and two in the afternoon. Eleven scans with computed tomography were made at each examination, and lower-leg volumes were calculated from automatically measured scan areas and interscan distances. Volumes for muscle, adipose tissue, and bone were calculated separately. Minimal radiation dose was used. Results: Mean difference between the repeated examinations was −0.1 ml for total volume, −1.4 ml for muscle, and 1.6 ml for adipose tissue volume. The corresponding 95% confidence intervals were −6.5 to 6.0 ml, −3.5 to 6.5 ml, and −7.0 to 4.0 ml, respectively. The resulting effective dose was 0.5 µSv to one leg. Conclusion: Computed tomography can be used as a precise quantitative method to measure small volume changes of the lower leg as a whole, and separately for muscle and adipose tissue. The results were obtained with a negligible effective dose, lower than that delivered by modern fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry whole-body examinations and equal to a few hours of background radiation.

scholarly journals Reducing Radiation Dose in Emergency CT Scans While Maintaining Equal Image Quality: Just a Promise or Reality for Severely Injured Patients?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Grupp ◽  
Max-Ludwig Schäfer ◽  
Henning Meyer ◽  
Alexander Lembcke ◽  
Alexander Pöllinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Dose Reduction ◽  
Iterative Reconstruction ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Image Noise ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Effective Radiation ◽  
The Impact

Objective. This study aims to assess the impact of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) on CT imaging quality, diagnostic interpretability, and radiation dose reduction for a proven CT acquisition protocol for total body trauma.Methods. 18 patients with multiple trauma (ISS≥16) were examined either with a routine protocol (n=6), 30% (n=6), or 40% (n=6) of iterative reconstruction (IR) modification in the raw data domain of the routine protocol (140 kV, collimation: 40, noise index: 15). Study groups were matched by scan range and maximal abdominal diameter. Image noise was quantitatively measured. Image contrast, image noise, and overall interpretability were evaluated by two experienced and blinded readers. The amount of radiation dose reductions was evaluated.Results. No statistically significant differences between routine and IR protocols regarding image noise, contrast, and interpretability were present. Mean effective dose for the routine protocol was25.3±2.9 mSv,19.7±5.8 mSv for the IR 30, and17.5±4.2 mSv for the IR 40 protocol, that is, 22.1% effective dose reduction for IR 30 (P=0.093) and 30.8% effective dose reduction for IR 40 (P=0.0203).Conclusions. IR does not reduce study interpretability in total body trauma protocols while providing a significant reduction in effective radiation dose.

scholarly journals Biological effective dose, cumulative radiation dose, risk of malignancy and mortality rate estimation in adult patients who have a history of cancer and exposed to recurrent computed tomography

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1405-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjaad Majeed Hameed ◽  
Dergham Majeed Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Cumulative Dose ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose ◽  
Risk Of Malignancy ◽  
Cumulative Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Radiation

Computed tomography is commonly used for the initial diagnosis of a tumour to provide information about the stage of cancer & to assess whether the disease is responding to treatment. Leukemia & solid tumour may have developed as a result of exposure to a low dose of diagnostic ionizing radiation so another primary tumour may develop as a result of radiation exposure. We used information in the patient sheet to measure patient effective radiation dose(E) in millisievert (mSv) & calculate cumulative dose by summation of dose over three years, estimated life attributed risk & mortality rate. The results of the current study revealed that from 50 patients 37 (74%) of them were female & 13 (26%) of them were male, age range 23- 80yr, breast cancer was the commonest cause of malignancy follow by lung cancer. Cumulative dose in mSv/yr rang 12-80 mSv, about 43(86%) of our patients exposed to more than 20mSv /yr & 7(14%) of them expose to 20 & less than 20 per year. Collective dose in three years’ range was 35-250 mSv mean 97 ± 37 Estimated radiological effective dose was more than 100 mSv in 22 (44%) per three years & 28(56%) of them had less than 100mSv. Life attributed risk for incidence of cancers was 1:285 -1:40 & mortality rate 0.21%-1.5%. A high percentage of patient 86% with cancer receive high radiation dose annually from CT scan more than considerable safe radiation dose for a worker in this field and 44% of our patient expose to cumulative dose more than 100 mSv per three which is also excess allowed dose for the radiological worker.

Changing Radiation Dose from Diagnostic Computed Tomography Examinations in Saskatchewan

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chance S. Dumaine ◽  
David A. Leswick ◽  
Derek A. Fladeland ◽  
Hyun J. Lim ◽  
Lori J. Toews
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Length Product ◽  
Variation Reduction ◽  
Ct Head ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effective Radiation

Purpose Follow-up study to observe if provincial mean effective radiation dose for head, chest, and abdomen-pelvis (AP) computed tomographies (CTs) remained stable or changed since the initial 2006 survey. Methods Data were collected in July 2008 from Saskatchewan's 13 diagnostic CT scanners of 3358 CT examinations. These data included the number of scan phases and projected dose length product (DLP). Technologists compared projected DLP with 2006 reference data before scanning. Projected DLP was converted to effective dose (ED) for each head, chest, and AP CT. The total dose that the patients received with scans of multiple body parts at the same visit also was determined. Results The mean (± SD) provincial ED was 3.4 ± 1.6 mSv for 1023 head scans (2.7 ± 1.6 mSv in 2006), 9.6 ± 4.8 mSv for 588 chest scans (11.3 ± 8.9 mSv in 2006), and 16.1 ± 9.9 mSv for 983 AP scans (15.5 ± 10.0 mSv in 2006). Single-phase multidetector row CT ED decreased by 31% for chest scans (9.5 ± 3.9 mSv vs 13.7 ± 9.7 mSv in 2006) and 17% for AP scans (13.9 ± 6.0 mSv vs 16.8 ± 10.6 mSv in 2006) and increased by 19% for head scans (3.2 ± 1.2 mSv vs 2.7 ± 1.5 mSv in 2006). The total patient dose was highest (33.8 ± 10.1 mSv) for the 20 patients who received head, neck, chest, and AP scans during a single visit. Because of increased utilisation and the increased CT head dose, Saskatchewan per capital radiation dose from CT increased by 21% between 2006 and 2008 (1.14 vs 1.38 mSv/person per year). Conclusion Significant dose and variation reduction was seen for single-phase CT chest and AP examinations between 2006 and 2008, whereas CT head dose increased over the same interval. These changes, combined with increased utilisation, resulted in per capita increase in radiation dose from CT between the 2 studies.

Effective Radiation Dose in a Skeletal Survey Performed for Suspected Child Abuse

2016 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 310-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel P. Berger ◽  
Ashok Panigrahy ◽  
Shawn Gottschalk ◽  
Michael Sheetz
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Skeletal Survey ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Radiation

scholarly journals Simulated Radiation Dose Reduction in Whole-Body CT on a 3rd Generation Dual-Source Scanner: An Intraindividual Comparison

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Andreas S. Brendlin ◽  
Moritz T. Winkelmann ◽  
Phuong Linh Do ◽  
Vincent Schwarze ◽  
Felix Peisen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Reduction ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Diagnostic Confidence ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose ◽  
Intraindividual Comparison ◽  
Dual Source ◽  
Effective Radiation

To evaluate the effect of radiation dose reduction on image quality and diagnostic confidence in contrast-enhanced whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) staging. We randomly selected March 2016 for retrospective inclusion of 18 consecutive patients (14 female, 60 ± 15 years) with clinically indicated WBCT staging on the same 3rd generation dual-source CT. Using low-dose simulations, we created data sets with 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% of the original radiation dose. Each set was reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and Advanced Modeled Iterative Reconstruction (ADMIRE®, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) strength 1–5, resulting in 540 datasets total. ADMIRE 2 was the reference standard for intraindividual comparison. The effective radiation dose was calculated using commercially available software. For comparison of objective image quality, noise assessments of subcutaneous adipose tissue regions were performed automatically using the software. Three radiologists blinded to the study evaluated image quality and diagnostic confidence independently on an equidistant 5-point Likert scale (1 = poor to 5 = excellent). At 100%, the effective radiation dose in our population was 13.3 ± 9.1 mSv. At 20% radiation dose, it was possible to obtain comparably low noise levels when using ADMIRE 5 (p = 1.000, r = 0.29). We identified ADMIRE 3 at 40% radiation dose (5.3 ± 3.6 mSv) as the lowest achievable radiation dose with image quality and diagnostic confidence equal to our reference standard (p = 1.000, r > 0.4). The inter-rater agreement for this result was almost perfect (ICC ≥ 0.958, 95% CI 0.909–0.983). On a 3rd generation scanner, it is feasible to maintain good subjective image quality, diagnostic confidence, and image noise in single-energy WBCT staging at dose levels as low as 40% of the original dose (5.3 ± 3.6 mSv), when using ADMIRE 3.

Radiation exposure during the treatment of spinal deformities

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jwalant S. Mehta ◽  
Kirsten Hodgson ◽  
Lu Yiping ◽  
James Swee Beng Kho ◽  
Ravindra Thimmaiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Spinal Deformity ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Intraoperative Fluoroscopy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Surgical Group

Aims To benchmark the radiation dose to patients during the course of treatment for a spinal deformity. Methods Our radiation dose database identified 25,745 exposures of 6,017 children (under 18 years of age) and adults treated for a spinal deformity between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2016. Patients were divided into surgical (974 patients) and non-surgical (5,043 patients) cohorts. We documented the number and doses of ionizing radiation imaging events (radiographs, CT scans, or intraoperative fluoroscopy) for each patient. All the doses for plain radiographs, CT scans, and intraoperative fluoroscopy were combined into a single effective dose by a medical physicist (milliSivert (mSv)). Results There were more ionizing radiation-based imaging events and higher radiation dose exposures in the surgical group than in the non-surgical group (p < 0.001). The difference in effective dose for children between the surgical and non-surgical groups was statistically significant, the surgical group being significantly higher (p < 0.001). This led to a higher estimated risk of cancer induction for the surgical group (1:222 surgical vs 1:1,418 non-surgical). However, the dose difference for adults was not statistically different between the surgical and non-surgical groups. In all cases the effective dose received by all cohorts was significantly higher than that from exposure to natural background radiation. Conclusion The treatment of spinal deformity is radiation-heavy. The dose exposure is several times higher when surgical treatment is undertaken. Clinicians should be aware of this and review their practices in order to reduce the radiation dose where possible.

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