Radiation exposure during the treatment of spinal deformities

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jwalant S. Mehta ◽  
Kirsten Hodgson ◽  
Lu Yiping ◽  
James Swee Beng Kho ◽  
Ravindra Thimmaiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Spinal Deformity ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Intraoperative Fluoroscopy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Surgical Group

Aims To benchmark the radiation dose to patients during the course of treatment for a spinal deformity. Methods Our radiation dose database identified 25,745 exposures of 6,017 children (under 18 years of age) and adults treated for a spinal deformity between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2016. Patients were divided into surgical (974 patients) and non-surgical (5,043 patients) cohorts. We documented the number and doses of ionizing radiation imaging events (radiographs, CT scans, or intraoperative fluoroscopy) for each patient. All the doses for plain radiographs, CT scans, and intraoperative fluoroscopy were combined into a single effective dose by a medical physicist (milliSivert (mSv)). Results There were more ionizing radiation-based imaging events and higher radiation dose exposures in the surgical group than in the non-surgical group (p < 0.001). The difference in effective dose for children between the surgical and non-surgical groups was statistically significant, the surgical group being significantly higher (p < 0.001). This led to a higher estimated risk of cancer induction for the surgical group (1:222 surgical vs 1:1,418 non-surgical). However, the dose difference for adults was not statistically different between the surgical and non-surgical groups. In all cases the effective dose received by all cohorts was significantly higher than that from exposure to natural background radiation. Conclusion The treatment of spinal deformity is radiation-heavy. The dose exposure is several times higher when surgical treatment is undertaken. Clinicians should be aware of this and review their practices in order to reduce the radiation dose where possible.

How much is the effective dose from medical imaging in pediatric patients in the neurosurgery department?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Zeinali-Rafsanjani ◽  
S. Haseli ◽  
R. Jalli ◽  
M. Saeedi-Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Plain Radiographs ◽  
Brain Ct ◽  
Abdomen Ct

Medical imaging with ionizing radiation in pediatric patients is rising, and their radiation sensitivity is 2–3 times more than adults. The objective of this study was to estimate the total effective dose (ED) of all medical imaging by CT scan and plain radiography in patients in pediatric neurosurgery department. Patients with at least one brain CT scan and recorded dose length product (DLP) were included. Patients’ imaging data were collected from the picture-archiving-and-communicating system (PACS) using their national code to find all their medical imaging. Total ED (mSv) from CT scans and plain radiographs were calculated. A total of 300 patients were included, of which 129 were females and 171 males with a mean age of 5.45 ± 4.34 years. Mean DLPs of brain, abdomen, and chest CT were 329.16, 393.06, 284.46 mGy.cm. The most frequent CT scans in these children were brain CT scans with ED range of 0.09 to 47.09 mSv. Total ED due to all CT scans and plain radiographs were in the range of 0.38 to 63.41 mSv. Although the mean DLP of each brain, chest, and abdomen CT of patients was in the range of DRLs reported by previous studies, the patients with numerous CT scans received more radiation doses than mean ED (6.21 mSv between all age groups). The most frequent CT scan was the brain, and the most frequent plain radiographs were chest and lower extremities. It can be concluded that reducing the number of CT scans or plain radiographs by appropriate physical exams or replacing them with modalities that do not use ionizing radiation can reduce ED.

ASSESSMENT OF INDOOR RADIATION DOSE RECEIVED BY THE RESIDENTS OF NATURAL HIGH BACKGROUND RADIATION AREAS OF COASTAL VILLAGES OF KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
R.Ragel Mabel Saroja
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Indoor Radon ◽  
High Background

Radiation exposure and effective dose received through two routes of exposure, viz. external and internal, via inhalation, by residents of coastal villages belonging to Natural High Background Radiation Areas (NHBRA) of Kanyakumari District and Tamil Nadu inIndiawere studied. While the indoor gamma radiation levels were monitored using Thermo Luminescent Dosimeters (TLDs), the indoor radon and thoron gas concentrations were measured using twin chamber dosimeters employing Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs, LR-115-II). The average total annual effective dose was estimated and found to be varied from 2.37 to8.64 mSv.

Measurement of lower-leg volume change by quantitative computed tomography

2008 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1024-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-E. Angelhed ◽  
L. Strid ◽  
E. Bergelin ◽  
B. Fagerberg
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose

Background: Lower-leg edema is a common symptom in many diseases. A precise method with low variability for measurement of edema is warranted in order to obtain optimal conditions for investigation of treatment effects. Purpose: To evaluate computed tomography for precise measurement of lower-leg muscle and adipose tissue volumes using a very low level of effective radiation dose. Material and Methods: Eleven volunteers were examined three times during 1 day, either as two consecutive examinations in the morning and one single examination in the afternoon, or as one examination in the morning and two in the afternoon. Eleven scans with computed tomography were made at each examination, and lower-leg volumes were calculated from automatically measured scan areas and interscan distances. Volumes for muscle, adipose tissue, and bone were calculated separately. Minimal radiation dose was used. Results: Mean difference between the repeated examinations was −0.1 ml for total volume, −1.4 ml for muscle, and 1.6 ml for adipose tissue volume. The corresponding 95% confidence intervals were −6.5 to 6.0 ml, −3.5 to 6.5 ml, and −7.0 to 4.0 ml, respectively. The resulting effective dose was 0.5 µSv to one leg. Conclusion: Computed tomography can be used as a precise quantitative method to measure small volume changes of the lower leg as a whole, and separately for muscle and adipose tissue. The results were obtained with a negligible effective dose, lower than that delivered by modern fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry whole-body examinations and equal to a few hours of background radiation.

scholarly journals Assessment of radiation dose to pediatric patients during routine digital chest X-ray procedure in a government medical centre in Asaba, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Asogwa Chijioke Obiora ◽  
Hyacienth Uche Chiegwu ◽  
Akintayo Daniel Omojola ◽  
Ebube Mmeli Onwughalu
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Field Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Objective: Radiation dose to pediatric patients have been widely reported, it is however necessary that imaging expert keep doses as low as possible to forestall stall long term cancer risk. This study is aimed at determining pediatric entrance surface dose (ESD), 75th percentile ESD, absorbed dose (D) and effective dose (E) for 0-15 years. Material and Methods: The study used a digital radiography (DR) unit with a grid system for each chest X-ray. The thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) used was encapsulated in transparent nylon, it was then attached to the patient skin (chest wall) and the second was placed directly at the posterior end of it. Results: The mean ESDs for the 4 age groups were as follows: 0- < 1 (1.54±0.74mGy), 1- < 5 (1.53±0.83mGy), 5- < 10 (0.55±0.39mGy) and 10- ≤15 (1.30±0.57mGy), with an overall mean of 1.23mGy. The 75th percentile ESD for each age group above 10 patients (excluding 5- < 10yrs) was 2.18, 2.19 and 1.75mGy respectively. The absorbed dose (D) ranged from 0.03-2.39mGy. The mean effective dose (E) for the 4 age groups was 0.18±0.03mSv. There was a good correlation between ESD and D (P = 0.001). A One-Way ANOVA shows that the field size and focus to film distance (FFD) affected the ESD and D (P < 0.001) respectively. The risk of childhood cancer from a single radiograph was of the order of (1.54-23.4) ×10-6. Conclusion: The 75th percentile ESD, E and childhood risk of cancer was higher than most studies it was compared with. The study reveals that machine parameters such as the field size and FFD played a major role in dose increase. Protocol optimization is currently needed for pediatric patients in the studied facility.

Radiation doses in diagnostic imaging for suspected physical abuse

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 863-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raylene Rao ◽  
Diana Browne ◽  
Brian Lunt ◽  
David Perry ◽  
Peter Reed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Bone Imaging ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose ◽  
Ct Head ◽  
Contrast Ct ◽  
Effective Radiation

ObjectiveTo measure the actual radiation dose delivered by imaging techniques commonly used in the radiography of suspected physical abuse and to make this information available to health professionals and families.MethodsData were collected retrospectively on children under 3 years referred for skeletal surveys for suspected physical abuse, non-contrast CT head scan or radionuclide imaging of the bones in Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand from January to December 2015. Patient size-specific conversion coefficients were derived from International Commission on Radiologic Protection tissue weighting factors and used to calculate effective dose.ResultsSeventy-one patients underwent an initial skeletal survey, receiving a mean effective dose of 0.20 mSv (95% CI 0.18 to 0.22). Sixteen patients had a follow-up survey with a mean effective dose of 0.10 mSv (95% CI 0.08 to 0.11). Eighty patients underwent CT head which delivered a mean effective dose of 2.49 mSv (95% CI 2.37 to 2.60). Thirty-nine patients underwent radionuclide bone imaging which delivered a mean effective dose of 2.27 mSv (95% CI 2.11 to 2.43).ConclusionsIn a paediatric centre, skeletal surveys deliver a relatively low effective radiation dose, equivalent to approximately 1 month of background radiation. Non-contrast CT head scan and radionuclide bone imaging deliver similar doses, equivalent to approximately 1 year of background radiation. This information should be considered when gaining informed consent and incorporated in patient education handouts.

scholarly journals Is Telomere Length a Biomarker of Adaptive Response? Controversial Findings of NASA and Residents of High Background Radiation Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3Jun) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Welsh ◽  
J J Bevelacqua ◽  
M Keshavarz ◽  
S A R Mortazavi ◽  
S M J Mortazavi
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Space Radiation ◽  
Dna Damages ◽  
High Background ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

Telomere length and stability is a biomarker of aging, stress, and cancer. Shortening of telomeres and high level of DNA damages are known to be associated with aging. Telomere shortening normally occurs during cell division in most cells and when telomeres reach a critically short length, DNA damage signaling and cellular senescence can be triggered. The induction of an adaptive response by space radiation was first documented in 2003. Telomere length alterations are among the most fascinating observations in astronauts and residents of high background radiation areas. While study of the chronic exposure to high levels of background ionizing radiation in Kerala, India failed to show a significant influence on telomere length, limited data about the NASA astronaut Scott Kelly show that exposure to space radiation can induce telomeres to regain length. Interestingly, his telomeres shortened again only a couple of days after returning to Earth. The difference between these situations may be due to the differences in radiation dose, dose-rate, and/or type of radiation. Moreover, Scott Kelly’s spacewalks (EVA) could have significantly increased his cumulative radiation dose. It is worth noting that the spacewalks not only confer a higher dose activity but are also characterized by a different radiation spectrum than inside the space craft since the primary particles would not interact with the vehicle shell to generate secondary radiation. Generally, these differences can possibly indicate the necessity of a minimum dose/dose-rate for induction of adaptive response (the so called Window effect).

scholarly journals CT of the medial clavicular epiphysis for forensic age estimation: hands up?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalini Tozakidou ◽  
Rieke L. Meister ◽  
Lennart Well ◽  
Kay U. Petersen ◽  
Sebastian Schindera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Image Noise ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Forensic Age Estimation ◽  
Quantitative Image ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Medial Clavicular Epiphysis ◽  
Scan Length

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the impact of arm position in computed tomography (CT) of the clavicle performed for forensic age estimation on clavicular position, image noise, and radiation dose. Methods and materials Forty-seven CT scans of the medial clavicular epiphysis performed for forensic age estimation were conducted with either hands and arms held upwards (CTHU, 28 persons) or positioned at the body (CTHD, 19 persons). Presets were identical for both positions (70 mAs/140 kVp; Brilliance iCT, Philips). Each CT scan was reconstructed with an iterative algorithm (i-Dose 4) and evaluated at the middle of the sternoclavicular joint. Clavicular angle was measured on a.p. topograms in relation to a horizontal line. Quantitative image noise was measured in air at the level of medial clavicular epiphysis. Effective dose and scan length were recorded. Results Hands-up position compared with hands-down position resulted in a lower lateral body diameter (CTHU 41.1 ± 3.6 cm vs. CTHD 44.6 ± 3.1 cm; P = 0.03), a reduced quantitative image noise (CTHU: 39.5 ± 9.2; CTHD: 46.2 ± 8.3; P = 0.02), and lower CTDIvol (5.1 ± 1.4 mGy vs. 6.7 ± 1.8 mGy; P = 0.001). Scan length was longer in patients examined with hands up (HU: 8.5 ± 3.4 cm; HD: 6.2 ± 2.1 cm; P = 0.006). Mean effective dose for CTHU was 0.79 ± 0.32 mSv compared with 0.95 ± 0.38 mSv in CTHD (P = 0.12). Clavicular angle was 17° ± 6° in patients with hands down and 32° ± 7° in patients with hands up (P < 0.001). Conclusion By elevated arm positioning, the image quality of clavicular CT scans can be improved while maintaining radiation dose compared with hands down. Clavicular position differs according to the hand position. Thus, positioning patients with elevated hands is advisable for forensic clavicular CT examinations, but multiplanar CT reconstructions should be adjusted to clavicular position and scan length should be reduced to a minimum.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION DOSE LEVEL AT KABBA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 524-528
Author(s):  
I. A. Bello ◽  
O. O. Ige ◽  
N. Kure ◽  
A. H. Momoh
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Radiation Dose Rate ◽  
Radiation Level ◽  
Materials Used

Background radiation involves the measure of the level of ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location. This research seek to generate data of the natural background radiation level of some selected Sections at Kabba College of Agriculture, using RadEye G20 survey meter. A total of 15 sections of the College were randomly selected and the background radiation dose rate of the sections were measured. The indoor dose rate ranged from (0.09 – 0.13) 𝜇Sv/yr, while the outdoor dose rate ranged from (0.07 - 0.10) 𝜇Sv/yr. The indoor annual effective  dose were observed to be greater than the outdoor annual effective dose in all the College Sections measured. The lowest total annual effective dose 0.75 𝑚𝑆𝑣/𝑦𝑟 was found at the Academic staff block. The highest total annual effective dose of 1.09 𝑚𝑆𝑣/𝑦𝑟 was found at the livestock building, this might be due to the high-altitude nature of the area and the rocky materials used in the construction of the building. The highest total annual effective dose of the study area was slightly above the recommended limit of 1.0 𝑚𝑆𝑣/𝑦𝑟. The result obtained from this research may not constitute immediate health risk to the staff and student of the college

scholarly journals The Influence of Natural Sources on Radiation Exposure Levels in the Population of the Arkhangelsk Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
PM Gricai ◽  
AV Mironovskaya ◽  
TN Unguryanu
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Volumetric Activity ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Radon Isotopes

Introduction: The issue of radiation safety in terms of population exposure to natural sources of background radiation remains relevant since, according to the results of numerous studies, among all sources of ionizing radiation the natural ones contribute the most to the population exposure worldwide. Our purpose was to assess the contribution of natural sources of background radiation to the individual effective dose of the population of the Arkhangelsk Region. Materials and methods: We measured residential indoor and outdoor gamma dose rates and the residential indoor equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity of radon isotopes. We also analyzed data of statistical form No. 4-DOZ “Information about population exposure doses attributed to the natural and anthropogenically altered background radiation” and radiation hygiene passportization conducted in 2008–2017 by cities and districts of the Arkhangelsk Region and estimated long-term average indicators of the individual effective dose of radiation and chain indicators of the growth rate. Results: We established that the internal exposure to radon isotopes (46.8%) and external terrigenous exposure (23.6%) contributed the most to the individual effective dose due to natural sources in the population of the Arkhangelsk Region. In 2008–2017, the individual effective dose attributed to natural sources was 2.50 mSv/yr, to external exposure – 0.59 mSv/yr, and to internal exposure to radon isotopes – 1.17 mSv/yr. The analysis of average values of the equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity of radon isotopes and the gamma radiation dose rate in residential buildings of various type (wooden, single-story stone and multistory stone) in the Arkhangelsk Region supported the conclusion about the significant contribution of the former to the individual effective dose due to natural sources. Conclusions: We established the contribution of natural sources of ionizing radiation to the total doses of the population.

scholarly journals Assessment of background ionizing radiation dose levels in quarry sites located in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1821-1826
Author(s):  
E.O. Echeweozo ◽  
F.O. Ugbede
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Nuclear Radiation ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Dose Levels

The study presents a radiometric survey of Background Ionizing Radiation (BIR) dose levels in ten quarry sites located in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. In-situ BIR dose rate measurements, by means of nuclear radiation survey meter, at 1 m above ground level were carried out at the excavation section (ES) and quarrying section (QS) of the investigated quarry sites. The obtained results indicated dose rates ranging from from 0.14 to 0.18 μSv/h with mean of 0.15±0.01 μSv/h at the ES and 0.16 to 0.19 μSv/h with mean value of 0.18±0.01 μSv/h at the QS. While the values obtained at the QS are respectively higher than those measured at the ES, they are all higher than the worldwide average value of 84 nSv/h signifying BIR elevated environments. The estimated mean annual effective dose (AED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) are 0.27±0.03 mSv/y and 0.94×10–3 respectively at the ES and 0.31±0.02 mSv/y and 1.07×10–3 at the QS. The obtained AED values for all the sites are well above the outdoor worldwide average value of 0.07 mSv/y but lower than the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommended permissible limits of 1.0 mSv/y for the general public. Generally, the BIR levels of the quarry sites are within acceptable limits and no immediate radiological health threat may be derived from the current levels. However, long-term health effects due to continuous exposure to low-level radiation doses may manifested in future over a lifetime exposure of 70 years as indicated by the ELCR values. Keywords: Background ionizing radiation, Dose rate, Annual effective dose, Quarry site, Ebonyi State

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